We note at the onset that we are in our discretion addressing the merits of the defendants’ first argument pursuant to Rule 2 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. The issue has not been raised properly. As a result of incorrect pagination, the page stating the argument and referencing the assignment of error has been omitted. Ordinarily, if a party fails to include references to the assignment of error, the question is deemed abandoned and will not be considered on appeal. However, “[t]o prevent manifest injustice to a party, or to expedite a decision in the public interest . . .”, Rule 2 allows us to waive this requirement and proceed to the merits.
See State v. Shelton,
I.
The defendants have raised eight assignments of error for review by this Court. Initially, we address those issues which revolve around the applicable statute of limitations and the exclusion of evidence of conduct of Defendant Colvin which occurred prior to 5 December 1986.
Defendants first contend that the trial court committed reversible error in denying their motions for directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the plaintiff’s claim arising out of the defendants’ conduct prior to 5 December 1986 was barred by the three-year statute of limitations applying to claims of intentional infliction of emotional distress. Secondly, they argue that plaintiff’s counsel made admissions during the arguments on preliminary motions that effectively foreclosed plaintiff seeking damages for events occurring prior to 5 December 1986. *6 Third, they argue that the trial judge committed error in refusing to instruct the jury on the applicable statute of limitations. Finally, they assert that the trial court’s denial of the defendants’ motion in limine to exclude evidence of events prior to 5 December 1986 was reversible error.
We hold that the evidence of conduct occurring prior to the 5 December 1986 date was not evidence of complete and separate torts, but rather was evidence of the elements of the claim itself and therefore, was not barred by the statute of limitations. Accordingly, we overrule the defendants’ assignments of error based on the statute of limitations.
A.
The defendants assert that the plaintiffs claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress is barred by the three-year statute of limitations found at N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(5).
See also Waddle v. Sparks,
It is well settled in North Carolina that in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to withstand a motion for a directed verdict, the plaintiff’s evidence must be taken as true and all the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to her, giving her the benefit of every reasonable inference which may be legitimately drawn therefrom, with conflicts, contradictions, and inconsistencies being resolved in the plaintiffs favor.
Hornby v. Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty Insurance Co.,
In order to prove a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, the plaintiff is required to show that the defendant (1)
*7
engaged in extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) which was intended to cause and did cause (3) severe emotional distress.
Hogan v. Forsyth Country
Club,
The recent decision by the North Carolina Supreme Court,
Waddle,
The issue in Waddle, as to the plaintiff Simpson, was whether there was sufficient evidence of each element of the tort to create an issue for the jury to decide at trial. Simpson could not show any evidence of one of the elements of the tort, and therefore, summary judgment was appropriate. However, the Court in no way suggested that the prior occurrences would have been excluded at trial, nor was the issue of exclusion of evidence before the Court. Moreover, in the case at bar, there were two incidents *8 occurring on or after 5 December 1986. Therefore, there was sufficient evidence to create an issue to be decided at trial, certainly when combined with evidence of the incidents of alleged conduct which took place in 1985.
The defendants rely on the rule of
Dickens v. Puryear, 302
N.C. 437,
In
Dickens,
the plaintiff alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress in his complaint which was filed more than one year and less than three years after the incident complained of took place. The action arose out of a single occurrence during which the defendant not only committed an assault and battery (governed by the one-year statute of limitations of G.S. § 1-54(3)) against the plaintiff, but also made significant threats of future harm. The defendant argued that the action was only one for assault and battery, although cast as one for intentional infliction of emotional distress. They further argued that even if the plaintiff had alleged a cause of action for emotional distress, that it, too, was governed by the one-year statute. The Supreme Court disagreed, finding that the more general language of G.S. § 1-52(5) controlled the intentional infliction claim and that the plaintiff’s showing was sufficient to create an actionable claim for emotional distress. The Court concluded that “[although the assaults and batteries serve to color and give impetus to the future threat and its impact on plaintiff’s emotional condition, plaintiff may not recover damages flowing directly from the
assaults and batteries
themselves.”
Dickens,
In the case sub judice, the evidence presented at trial tended to indicate that incidents between the plaintiff and Defendant Colvin began in early 1985, soon after he was hired by Thalhimers in 1984. According to the plaintiffs testimony, the first conversation of a sexual nature was-on a trip to Sears in Hanes Mall in Winston-Salem to pick up supplies for the Hanes Mall Thalhimers location. The defendant asked her if she’d ever had an affair with anyone. She responded that she had not. The plaintiff also testified to the following:
A. He told me he liked women with large breasts.
Q. When he made that statement to you, can you tell the ladies and gentlemen of the jury what he was looking at?
A. He was looking down at my breast area.
On another occasion of sexually related conduct, the plaintiff testified that
[w]e were moving the desk. And I was on one side and he was on the other. And I had hold of the desk and he came around on my side and he rubbed his penis across my hand. And I don’t know how, but it got caught in my ring and I jerked my hand away because was — it just flew all over me, embarrassed me. I was just humiliated. I mean it just — it just embarrassed me to death.
The plaintiff also testified that the next day
he called me down to the office. And he was sitting on my desk facing me. And he told me to pull my pants down because he wanted to see a bee sting. And he didn’t smile. He had that same dirty grin on his face.
She told him at that time that he made her sick to her stomach. He then “jerked my door open and slammed it and left.” Except for the last incident, which plaintiff testified could have been an accident, the defendant never physically touched the plaintiff.
On 24 September 1985, the plaintiff submitted some twenty-two complaints about Mr. Colvin to Tida Williams, personnel *10 manager. She told Ms. Williams that she would be hiring an attorney to bring harassment, charges against Colvin. Ms. Williams recorded the complaints and the conversation with the plaintiff in a file memorandum and spoke to Colvin about his behavior.
Incidents continued between the plaintiff and the defendant throughout 1986 until her resignation in 1987. According to the plaintiffs testimony, the occurrences ceased to be sexual in nature, but began to follow a retaliatory scheme. She testified that, “He would call me and hang up on me. He wouldn’t say bye. He would slam the phone down.” She further stated that the defendant’s behavior “got worse and worse until I left the company.” She testified that he called her “a hangman, gestapo, Nazi, . . . any kind of demoralizing name.”
The evidence indicated that the plaintiff notified upper management again in early 1986 about Colvin’s behavior towards her. Shortly after she spoke with those individuals, Colvin came into her office and told her that he knew of her accusations. She testified that the defendant clenched his fists “and put his finger up in front of me and he told me he was going to get me fired.”
The plaintiff testified that after the above meeting, Mr. Colvin’s behavior became “more extreme and more intent.” She testified that once he called her office ten times in thirty minutes and that on another occasion, she was required to hire unqualified employees and then was told she had improperly trained them when they were asked to resign.
The plaintiff stated that she called Steve Loomis, Vice-President of Loss Prevention, on 15 November 1986, to discuss Colvin’s continued harassment. On 3 December 1986, Mr. Loomis and Mr. Colvin met with the plaintiff. She testified that during that meeting she became aware that all of the management personnel with whom she had spoken had also discussed her confidential conversations with Colvin. At the meeting, Loomis said that she had a serious attitude problem. She had not previously met Loomis (except briefly at a meeting), nor had she ever been under his supervision. Loomis told her that her accusations against Colvin were not true. She testified that Loomis and Colvin began walking “around me and around me. And when I would try to say something, he [Colvin] would tell me to shut up. He said ‘you are here to listen and not to talk.’ ” She further testified that Loomis called her a “gestapo *11 and Nazi” and that Colvin would then laugh. She became so upset during that meeting that she could not recall how it ended.
The plaintiff testified that approximately two weeks later, on 16 December 1986, Tida Williams, Steve Loomis, and Colvin arrived late in the day without notice and delivered to her a completed performance evaluation. She was told to sign the document even though the evaluation was negative and she disputed the contents. On 10 January 1987, the plaintiff was called into Thalhimers’ personnel office by Mr. Colvin and was placed on probation. Tida Williams, the Personnel Manager, was present and was taking notes. On 5 February 1987, the plaintiff resigned. At the time of her resignation, she had been under a doctor’s care since December. She stated in her resignation letter the following:
My reasons for my resignation are: I cannot return to Thalhimers’ because I feel it would be harmful to my mental and physical health. This is due to the direct actions of Bud Colvin, my present supervisor, and also comments made to me —against me and to me by Steve Loomis, vice president of loss prevention, in the past few months.
When I went to the company and complained to them about serious problems with Bud Colvin, I was punished for this. Bud Colvin even told me that he was going to get me! I was spoken to over and over again as if I was nothing.
Steve Loomis called me a “hangman, Rambo, and the final blow, the gestapo!” Bud Colvin has also called me these words before.
I feel I have lost my self esteem and self worth as an employee and as a person. All these months of extreme stress has caused me mental and physical harm. It has also affected my personal life at home.
(Emphasis in original.) It is clear that the plaintiff presented evidence of specific incidents occurring within three years of the filing of the suit against Thalhimers. Both the evaluation meeting and the probationary meeting occurred within that period. The evaluation meeting was a direct result of the meeting two weeks before be *12 tween Loomis, Colvin, and the plaintiff. Further, the plaintiff then produced evidence that the actions of her employer that occurred in December caused her to seek medical attention from two doctors shortly thereafter.
In order to survive the defendants’ motion for directed verdict, the plaintiff, in addition to showing the intentional acts of the defendants, was also required to produce evidence of “emotional or mental disorder, such as, for example, neurosis, psychosis, chronic depression, phobia, or any other type of
severe and disabling
emotional or mental condition which may be generally recognized and diagnosed by professionals trained to do so.”
Waddle,
Since “[t]he claim [for intentional infliction of emotional distress] exists ‘when a defendant’s conduct exceeds all bounds usually tolerated by decent society’ and the conduct ‘causes mental distress of a very serious kind,’ ”
Hogan,
Indeed, prior to the plaintiff’s visits to medical professionals, she would have been unable to meet the necessarily high standard set forth in
Waddle.
In reversing the Court of Appeals’ decision in
Waddle,
the Supreme Court stated that the plaintiff Waddle showed no forecast of severe emotional distress, “any
medical documentation . .
.” or “evidence of ‘severe and disabling’ psychological problems within the meaning of the test laid down in
Johnson v. Ruark."
*13 In the case at bar, the defendants argue that the acts of Defendant Colvin that occurred prior to December 1986 are barred by the three-year statute. However, this assertion is premised on the action being complete at the time of each of those events and that the events constituted a separate tort in and of themselves. If all of the elements of the tort were not present, then no cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress existed at that time.
As indicated in
Waddle,
actions such as the one in the case
sub judice
often take years to manifest the severe emotional results required to complete the tort. To preclude the evidence of the very actions giving rise to the resulting damage defies common sense. The statutes of limitations serve to bar
claims,
not
evidence
of contributing factors to an ultimate claim that has not yet come into existence. “As our courts have frequently noted, in no event can a statute of limitations begin to run until the plaintiff is entitled to institute action. . . . Ordinarily, the period of the statute of limitations begins to run when
the plaintiff’s right
to maintain an action
for the wrong alleged
accrues. The cause of action accrues
when the wrong is complete.
...”
Bolick v. American Barmag Corp.,
In the instant case, only one cause of action accrued at the time that the actions of the defendant did in fact cause emotional distress of the calibre set out in Waddle. Prior to the last few months of the plaintiff’s employment, there was insufficient evidence of the third prong of an intentional infliction claim and thus no separate and complete tort. Evidence of the elements of the tort would not be barred by the statute of limitations of G.S. § 1-52(5) unless the elements were part of a completely separate cause of action that was in fact time barred. To parse out the intentional or reckless acts of a defendant due to the statute of limitations, when those acts have not yet caused the damage required to complete the tort, would allow persons to continually harass potential plaintiffs until such time as the emotional damage became severe enough to cause the extreme result, then exclude much of their conduct giving rise to the damage.
*14 Whether certain evidence should be admitted rests in the able hands of the trial court and its application of the Rules of Evidence. In summary, we hold that the trial court properly admitted the evidence of defendants’ actions during 1985 and 1986 as evidence of the first element of the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress. We also hold that, based on the above reasoning, the trial judge’s denial of the defendants’ motion in limine was correct. Accordingly, we overrule the defendants’ assignment of error with respect to the pretrial motion. Further, for the same reasons, we hold that the trial court properly instructed the jury on the issues to be decided at trial.
B.
The defendants also allege that if the statute of limitations does not operate to preclude recovery for events occurring on or before 5 December 1986, then the arguments of the plaintiff’s counsel made during pretrial hearings constitute judicial admissions and serve to limit the cause of action to the later events. We disagree and accordingly overrule this assignment of error.
“A judicial admission is a formal concession which is made by a party in the course of litigation for the purpose of withdrawing a particular fact from the realm of the dispute.”
Outer Banks Contractors, Inc. v. Forbes,
The defendants argue that the statements made to the trial court by plaintiff’s counsel during the summary judgment hearing had the effect of constituting an admission. The attorney’s statements *15 all concerned the legal effect of the statute of limitations on their client’s claim. Specifically, the attorneys told the trial judge repeatedly that they were not attempting to recover for damages arising out of events that occurred prior to the three-year statutory proscription.
Notwithstanding the resolution of this issue that appears in Part A of this opinion, those statements made by counsel during summary judgment arguments were not judicial admissions and were not binding on the plaintiff in the subsequent action. The statements were not formal concessions nor were they intended to withdraw a particular fact from the realm of dispute. Rather, the comments were intended to respond to the court’s questions regarding the defendants’ summary judgment motion. “Stipulations will receive a reasonable construction so as to effect the intentions of the parties, but in ascertaining the intentions of the parties, the language employed in the agreement will not be construed in such a manner that a fact which is obviously intended to be controverted is admitted or that a right which is plainly not intended to be waived is relinquished.”
Outer Banks,
We hold that these principles of law apply in the instant case, and that statements of counsel did not constitute admissions to be used against the plaintiff in the subsequent trial. We accordingly overrule this assignment of error.
II.
Defendants contend in their fourth assignment of error that even assuming arguendo that the conduct of the defendants was not excluded by the statute of limitations; as a matter of law, there was insufficient evidence to establish the plaintiff’s claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. They further argue that the evidence does not support the claim that Thalhimers ratified the acts of Defendant Colvin and therefore Thalhimers could not be held liable for his actions. We find this argument without merit and accordingly affirm the trial court’s decision.
As indicated in Part I of this opinion, there was ample evidence presented at trial from which the jury could reasonably determine that Colvin’s acts were extreme and outrageous, and that his actions intended to cause the plaintiff emotional distress. As pointed out in
Brown v. Burlington Industries, Inc.,
Further, as to the defendants’ contention that the plaintiff failed to produce sufficient evidence of defendants’ intent, as noted earlier, the claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress may also lie where the defendant’s actions indicate a reckless indifference to the likelihood that they will cause emotional distress to the plaintiff. :
Likewise, we find that the record indicates that the plaintiff testified regarding repeated conversations with various supervisory personnel along the management chain at Thalhimers and that as early as 1985 reported to the personnel manager that Colvin was harassing her. She stated that discussions she thought were held in confidence were reported to Colvin. She further testified that “nothing was done” during the subsequent eighteen months that she worked for Thalhimers. Testimony also indicated that supervisors told her that complaints of that nature were not welcome from employees. “The jury may find ratification from any course of conduct on the part of the principal which reasonably tends to show an intention on his part to ratify the agent’s unauthorized acts. Such course of conduct may involve an omission to act.”
Brown
at 437,
We find that the trial court correctly sent the case to the jury and was also correct in accepting its verdict. Ample evidence was presented to the jury on the issues of conduct, intent, and ratification by Colvin and his employer to establish a prima facie case of intentional infliction of emotional distress. We accordingly affirm the trial court’s decision and overrule this assignment of error.
III.
In their fifth assignment of error, defendants appeal the trial court’s denial of their motions for mistrial and a new trial. They contend that the verdict was rendered by a ten-person jury thereby denying their client’s constitutional right to a jury of twelve persons. Alternatively, they argue that the misconduct of the plaintiff’s counsel that resulted in the elimination of two of the jurors was *17 grounds for a mistrial and new trial. We find no error in the trial court’s decision.
Defendants admit in their brief to this Court that the trial judge on the first morning of the trial before any evidence was presented “inquired of counsel for both parties as to whether they would agree to a jury down to ten persons and the counsel for both parties agreed.” However, they argue that the agreement by defendants to a jury of ten persons was in order to allow the trial to proceed in the event of illness or emergency of jurors, an “innocent reason”, rather than because two jurors read newspaper reports regarding evidence excluded by pretrial motion. They contend that plaintiff’s counsel intentionally “leaked” information to the press after pretrial motions hearings, and that information was in turn inaccurately reported by the Winston-Salem Journal, and the jurors reading the newspaper article (who were excused by the trial court) inherently tainted the entire trial proceedings.
We do not agree with this argument. The disputed newspaper article reported that “[i]n pretrial motions, McGuire and lead counsel Charles Roberts asked Judge James A. Beaty, Jr. to prevent Mrs. Bryant’s attorneys from using evidence that they say will show Colvin was sexually involved with other women at other Thalhimers stores in North Carolina. Beaty ruled that no such evidence could be introduced unless . . . [the plaintiff’s counsel] can show it is relevant.” The article continued with a report of the plaintiff’s first day of testimony.
The defendants argued to the trial judge that plaintiff’s counsel told the reporter the basis of the excluded evidence even though the defendants were aware that the motions were argued in open court the previous day and that those motions were a part of the public record. Plaintiff’s counsel denied the allegation and stated that he had only told the reporter that the motion was granted. The trial court polled the jury with regard to the newspaper article and determined that two jurors who had read the article should be excused. Those jurors were excused over the defendants’ objection.
During the discussions following the trial court’s questioning of the jury, counsel for the defendants stated to the trial court that they “would prefer to proceed with the full jury than to have it reduced by either of those gentlemen,” even though admittedly they had stipulated to a jury of less than twelve. However, they requested that they be allowed to withdraw their stipulation because *18 the loss of the two male jury members was the result of an alleged violation of ethical rules by plaintiffs counsel. We do not feel that an agreement to have a verdict by less than twelve jurors should depend on whether the jurors are excused by the court for an “innocent” reason or a so called “guilty” reason. The purpose of a jury trial is to ensure that the issues are fairly decided for all parties; it appears here that the actions of plaintiff’s counsel, while not approved by this Court, did not jeopardize the proceedings.
“[A] trial judge in a civil case has the power, in his discretion, to order a mistrial at any time before the verdict is returned.”
Elks v. Hannan,
We have reviewed the defendants’ remaining assignments of error and find no merit in those contentions.
No error.