Fоllowing a jury trial, Michael Bryant was convicted of possession of cocaine (OCGA § 16-13-30(a)), two counts ofpossessionof atool for the commission of a crime (OCGA § 16-7-20 (a)), riding a bicycle without a headlight (OCGA § 40-6-296 (a)), and failure to surrender a license after suspension (OCGA § 40-9-7 (b)). Bryаnt was granted an out-of-time appeal to challenge the denial of his motion for new trial. On appeal, Bryant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress, and that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for possеssion of a cell phone as a tool for the commission of a crime. Bryant also challenges his conviction for possession of cocaine because the indictment listed the offense of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute under OCGA § 16-13-30 (b), and further contends that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. Discerning no error, we affirm.
On appeal from a criminal conviction, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to support the verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys a presumption of innocence. We determine only whether the evidence authorized the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and in doing so we neither weigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses.
(Citation omitted.) Drammeh v. State,
So viewed, the evidence shows thаt on the night of June 17,2010, two police officers observed Bryant riding his bicycle on a Clayton County street. The officers initiated a traffic stop when they noticed that Bryant was riding without a headlight. Upon approaching Bryant, the officers observed a big bulge in one of Bryаnt’s pockets. When the officers asked Bryant about the headlight, Bryant was acting very nervous, did not make eye contact with the officers, and kept reaching toward the bulge in his pocket.
Before transporting him to jail, the officers searched Bryant for weapons or contraband. As a result of the search, the officers found a digital scale, two cellular telephones, over $270 in U. S. currency, and a small plastic bag containing 27 rock-like substances believed to be crack cocaine. The rock-like substances were later tested and determined to be cocaine.
1. On appeal, Bryant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion tо suppress because he was in custody without the benefit of Miranda
An individual must be advised of his Miranda rights, including his right against self-incrimination, only after being taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way. A person is in custody for Miranda purposes if he has been formally arrested or restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest. Thе test for determining whether a detainee is in custody for Miranda purposes is whether a reasonable person in the detainee’s position would have thought the detention would not be temporary.... As a general rule, although a motorist is deprived of his freedom of аction during a traffic stop, such detention is insufficient to trigger the rights set forth in Miranda. The issue of whether one is in custody for Miranda purposes is a mixed question of law and fact, and the trial court’s determination will not be disturbed unless it is clearly erroneous.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Waters v. State,
Here, although Bryant’s freedom of movement was deprived during the traffic stop, the officer was not required to provide Miranda warnings during the preliminary investigation. See Waters,
2. Bryant challenges his conviction for possession of cell phones as instrumentalities
With respect to the cell phones, Bryant was charged with possessing devices commonly used in the commission of a violation of the Georgia Controlled Substances Act, with the intent of using said device in the commission of a crime. OCGA § 16-7-20 (a) provides:
A person commits the offense of possession of tools for the commission of crime when he has in his possession any tool, explosive, or other device commonly used in the commission of burglary, theft, or other crime with the intent tо make use thereof in the commission of a crime.
In this case, there is no dispute that Bryant possessed two cell phones when he was arrested. The officer testified that based upon his experience and training, the possession of multiple cell phones was consistent with someone involved in drug distribution. While the mere possession of a common instrument is, by itself, not a crime, such possession may become a crime when there is an intent to use the instrument to commit a crime. See Kennon v. State,
3. Bryant next contends that his conviction for possession of a controlled substance was improper because he was not charged with this offense, but was instead charged with possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. There is no merit to his claim.
Count 1 of the indictment was denominated as “possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute.” The indictment actually charged Bryant with “knowingly, intentionally and unlawfully, . . . possessing] a Schedule II controlled substance, to wit: cocaine, in violation of the Controlled Substances Act[.]”
As an initial matter, we note that an accused may challenge the sufficiency of an indictment by filing a general or special demurrer. A general demurrer challenges the sufficiency of the substancе of the indictment, whereas a special demurrer challenges the sufficiency of the form of the indictment. Under OCGA § 17-7-110, a special demurrer must be filed within ten days after the arraignment, unless the trial court extends the time for filing. But a general demurrer, in which a defendant contеnds that the charging instrument fails altogether to charge him with a crime, may be raised at any time before the trial court.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Jackson v. State,
In determining the sufficiency of an indictment to withstand a gеneral demurrer, the following test is applied: If all the facts which the indictment charges can be admitted, and still the accused be innocent, the indictment is bad; but if, taking the facts alleged as premised, the guilt of the accused follows as a legal conclusion, thе indictment is good. An indictment which charges the offense in the language of the defining statute and describes the acts constitutingthe offense sufficiently to put the defendant on notice of the offense with which he is charged survives a general demurrer.
(Footnote omitted.) Pulliam v. State,
[A]n inconsistency between the denomination and the allegations in the indictment is an imperfection, but is one that is subject to a harmless error test on appeal; and a defendant who was not at all misled to his prejudice by any imperfection cannot obtain reversal of his conviction on this ground.
(Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Striplin, supra,
Although the challenged offense was denоminated as “possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute,” the allegations tracked the language of possession of a controlled substance and fully apprised Bryant of the offense charged. See OCGA § 16-13-30 (a). Bryant has failed to show that his defense was prejudiced in any way by the inconsistency between the denomination of the offense and the allegations in the indictment. Notably, Bryanthimself requested a jury charge on the offense of possession of a controlled substance as a lesser included offense of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. Given Bryant’s specific request for the lesser included offense, he cannot show that any imperfection in the indictment prejudiced him because
an indictment not only charges the defendant with the specified crime, it also embraces all lesser included offenses of the charged offense. An indictment places an accused on notice that he can be convicted of the crimes expressly charged as well as lesser crimes that are included in the charged offenses as a matter of law or fact. Indeed, if an offense is a lesser included offense as a matter of law or fact, an accused can be convicted of that offense [.]
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) State v. Wilson,
4. Bryant also contends that trial counsel was ineffective in several respects. We disagree.
To establish an ineffective assistance claim, an appellant must show not only that his сounsel’s performance was deficient but also that the deficiency so prejudiced him as to create a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different. Failure to satisfy both requirements is fatal to an ineffectiveness claim.
(Footnotes omitted.) Mitchell v. State,
(a) Bryant argues that trial counsel failed to adequately cross-examine the arresting officer as to Bryant’s pre-arrest statements. The record reveals that trial counsel conducted a thorough cross-examinаtion of the arresting officer, and Bryant does not specify how the cross-examination was inadequate. An attorney’s decision on how to conduct cross-examinations is a matter of trial tactics that does not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel. See Ray v. State,
(b) Bryant also argues that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request a Jackson-Denno hearing to test the voluntariness of the statements he made to the arresting officer prior to his arrest. Bryant has made no showing that his statements were involuntary and would have been excluded had a Jackson-Denno hearing taken place. Consequently, Bryant has not demonstrated that counsel’s failure to request a Jackson-Denno hearing prejudiced him. See
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
Miranda v. Arizona,
Bryant was charged and convicted of two counts of possessing instrumentalities to commit a crime, hut he does not challenge the conviction relating to his possession of the digital scale.