This case involves an appeal as of *124 right frоm a Court of Claims grant of judgment under MCR 2.116(I)(2) to plaintiff for $6,892, which represents plaintiffs claimed tax overpayment as reported on his 1983 Michigan Individual Income Tax Return (form MI-1040). Defendant, by contrast, claimed that рlaintiff owed a 1983 income tax deficiency of $18,430 and had moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). Defendant’s motion was denied. We affirm.
The facts are not disputed. Plaintiff is a professional gambler who for several years has earned his income primarily from horse-racing wagering. During years 1979 through 1983, plaintiff incurred substantial gambling losses as well as winnings. On his federal income tax returns for each year, plaintiff reported his losses as business losses (a so-called "above the line” deduction) and accordingly subtracted them from his gross income in computing his adjusted gross income. Plaintiff then reported the federal adjusted gross income figure in his Michigan return (Michigan income taxes are normally based on the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income figure reported on the federal return) and calculated his state inсome tax liability therefrom. The Internal Revenue Service has never challenged plaintiffs characterization of his gambling losses as business losses. It should be noted that, under the Internal Revenue Codе, individuals may take as a "below the line” deduction (i.e., a deduction made after the computation of adjusted gross income) wagering losses to the extent of gains. 26 USC 165(d). Only "above the line” deductions such аs plaintiff’s business loss deductions affect Michigan income taxes, however, since it is these deductions which determine adjusted gross income.
Using the above-described tax computation method, plaintiff claimed a refund on his Michigan income taxes for the years 1979 through 1983. In *125 1981, defendant notified plaintiff that it was denying the refund for years 1979 and 1980 because plaintiffs gambling losses were not business losses and thus were not dеductible in arriving at his adjusted gross income. This contention was based on 26 USC 62(1), which defines trade and business deductions as deductions "which are attributable to the trade or business carried on by the taxpayer
In 1982, thе Tax Tribunal entered a judgment denying plaintiffs claim of refund for 1980. In concluding that plaintiffs wagering activities were not a "trade or business” within 26 USC 62(1), the Tax Tribunal relied on
Gentile v Comm’r,
65 TC 1 (1975),
Higgins v Comm’r,
On July 27, 1983, the Tax Tribunal vacated the 1982 judgment. Now relying on Ditunno v Comm’r, 80 TC 362 (1983), the Tax Tribunal concluded that a broader "facts and circumstances” test should be applied in ascertaining whether a person engages in a "trade or business” for purposes of the business loss deduction. Since the facts of Ditunno were virtually identiсal to plaintiffs gambling activity and the Ditunno court held that the taxpayer’s gambling activity was a "trade or business,” the Tax Tribunal concluded that plaintiff was also engaged in a "trade or business,” allowing plaintiff to claim his gambling losses as business deductions and receive his claimed refunds for the years 1979 through 1982.
In 1983, plaintiffs wagering produced winnings of $388,445 and losses of $383,166. In January,
*126
1984, plaintiff filed his 1983 MI-1040 consistent with the Tax Tribunal’s July 27, 1983, opinion and claimed a refund of $6,892, which is the primary subject of this appeal. Defendant mailed plaintiff notice that his refund, as well as all refunds involving professional gamblers, was being held in abeyance. This was because а recent decision of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals,
Gajewski v Comm’r of Internal Revenue,
723 F2d 1062 (CA 2, 1983) , cert den — US —;
On September 27, 1984, plaintiff commenced the instant action in the Court of Claims, asserting that, since the irs had not chosen to delay paying refunds to professional gamblers for tax year 1983, defendant likewise should not delay. Approximately one month later Cull was decided. The Cull court, relying on Justice Frankfurter’s concurring opinion in Deputy v DuPont, supra, held that the "goods and services” test was the minimum standard for establishing a taxpayer’s involvement in a "trade or business” and was clearly in accord with thosе cases setting forth a broader "facts and circumstances” test. The taxpayer in Cull was an habitual race track bettor as well as an employee of various race tracks. The Cull court found that the taxpayer was not engaged in a "trade or business” within the meaning of 26 USC 62(1).
Defendant, relying on Cull, filed a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10), claiming that Cull was on point with this case. The Court of Claims denied summary disposition to dеfendant and granted judgment to plain *127 tiff under MCR 2.1160X2), ruling that Cull could not be retroactively applied to plaintiffs 1983 claim of refund.
On appeal, defendant asserts that the trial court erred in refusing to apply the "goоds and services” test of
Cull
to the instant case. Plaintiff, on the other hand, argues that the "goods and services” test is not controlling here, and that the "facts and circumstances” test set forth in
Ditunno
applies. Thеre is at present a split of authority among the various circuits as to which test should be used to determine whether a professional gambler is engaged in a "trade or business” within the meaning of the business loss deduction statute, 26 USC 62(1). Compare
Cull, supra,
and
Gajewski, supra,
with
Groetzinger v Comm’r of Internal Revenue,
771 F2d 269 (CA 7, 1985), and
Nipper v Comm’r of Internal Revenue,
47 TCM (CCH) 136 (1983), aff'd in an unpublished per curiam order, 746 F2d 843 (CA 11, 1984). The issue is now before the United States Supreme Court.
Groetzinger, supra,
cert gtd — US —;
We are satisfied that it is unnecessary to decide whether the
Cull
or the
Ditunno
standard applies in this case. Assuming that the
Ditunno
standard is dispositive, we would affirm the decision of the trial court as reaching the right result for the wrong reason. See, e.g.,
Warren v Howlett,
Cull was decidеd in October, 1984, ten months after the close of the tax period here at issue. Consider what must have been plaintiffs, an individual taxpayer’s, reasonable understanding of his tax liability prior to the Cull ruling. During 1983, there was сonsiderable uncertainty as to the circumstances under which full-time gambling could *128 be considered a trade or business. Conflicting judicial decisions and rendered § 62 of the Internal Revenue Code, incorрorated by reference in the Michigan Income Tax Act, MCLA 206.2; MSA 7.557(102) ambiguous. Yet the weight of recent authority in 1983 favored a determination that plaintiff was engaged in a trade or business. Ditunno v Commissioner, 80 TC 362 (1983), Nipper v Commissioner, 47 TCM 136 (1983), Cull v Commissioner, 45 TCM 691 (1983).
Moreover, in May, 1982, plaintiff had received a letter frоm the irs district director, informing him that his 1980 federal income tax return, claiming his gambling losses as business deductions, had been audited and was accepted as filed. Since the irs had approved his deductions in computing his adjusted gross income, and since he was required to use the same adjusted gross income figure on his Michigan return, plaintiffs expectation that his 1983 business deductions were also proper under Michigаn law was certainly reasonable. This expectation was supported by language of the Michigan Income Tax Act, itself:
"(2) Any term used in this act shall have the same meaning as when used in comparаble context in the laws of the United States relating to federal income taxes unless a different meaning is clearly required. Any reference in this act to the internal revenue code shall include other provisions of the laws of the United States relating to federal income taxes.
"(3) It is the intention of this act that the income subject to tax be the same as taxable income as defined and applicable to the subject taxpayer in the internal revenue code, except as otherwise provided in this act.” MCL 206.2; MSA 7.557(102).
The expectation of consistent treatment was then further buttressеd by the Tax Tribunal’s decision of July 27, 1983, supra, which followed the recent trend in U. S. Tax Court decisions.
In light of this state of the law, the department’s action, delaying processing of plaintiffs 1983 re *129 turn pending future direction from the fеderal appellate court seems patently unfair. Contrary to the approach taken by the irs, extending to taxpayers the benefit of the doubt until the definition of "trade or business” is finally settled either by Congress or the U. S. Supreme Court, the department’s action offends well-established principles of tax law construction. The Michigan Constitution provides, "Every law which imposes, continues or revisеs a tax shall succinctly state the tax.” Const 1963, art 4, § 32. Taxing statutes which are ambiguous are to be construed liberally in favor of the taxpayer and against the government. Ford Motor Co v State Tax Commissioner,400 Mich 499 ;255 NW2d 608 (1977), Bechtel v Department of Treasury,128 Mich App 324 ;340 NW2d 297 (1983). They should be interpreted in acсordance with the experience and understanding of those who are expected to use and interpret them. Production Credit Association of Lansing v Department of Treasury,404 Mich 301 ;273 NW2d 10 (1978). The factual situation to which a taxing law is being applied should be viewed in a light of realism and practicality. Travis v Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 406 F2d 987 (CA 7, 1969).
Applying these rules to the instant case, the court must conclude that in 1983, the meaning of "trade or business” was uncertain. Even the taxing authorities and courts across the country had been unable to agree on a definition. Construing the language in accordance with the experience and understanding of tаxpayers like plaintiff, in light of the guidance provided in 1983, and resolving any doubt in favor of plaintiff, the court holds that, for purposes of his 1983 Michigan income tax return, plaintiff must be deemed to have been engaged in the trade or business of gambling. The clarification finally provided by the Sixth Circuit Court in Cull v Commissioner of Internal Revenue offered plaintiff no guidance in 1983, when he was ordering his financial affairs. The department’s attempt to apply thе Cull standard retrospectively is clearly improper.
*130
We find unpersuasive defendant’s contention that the Court of Claims erroneously characterized the state of the law regarding what constitutes a "trade or business” as uncertain or ambiguous; the abоve-noted split of judicial opinion on the question and the history of this case belie any claim that the issue is well settled. Similarly, we cannot agree with defendant that the court "egregiously err[ed]” in applying considerations of fairness to the instant case. If there is no decision of the U. S. Supreme Court and the federal courts disagree on the interpretation of a federal act, the courts of Michigan may adopt a view which appears most appropriate under the circumstances. See
Cook v
Detroit,
Affirmed.