241 F.3d 1262 | 10th Cir. | 2001
Lead Opinion
Edwin Gayle Browning requests leave to file a second or successive application for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (1996), arguing the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2848, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), renders his sentence unconstitutional. We may grant leave to file such an application if it relies upon “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We granted en banc review to consider the following two questions: (1) the proper retroactivity test under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996), for authorization to file second or successive habeas petitions; and (2) whether Apprendi enunciates “a new rule of constitutional law” that has been “made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court” within the meaning of section 2255.
For the reasons set out below, we hold the proper retroactivity test for second or successive habeas applications under AEDPA is whether the Supreme Court has specifically declared the new rule to be retroactive to cases on collateral review. We further hold that the Court has not yet done so for Apprendi. Consequently, we deny Mr. Browning’s request for leave to file a habeas motion.
I
JURISDICTION
As a preliminary matter, we note that 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(D), made applicable to federal prisoners by section 2255 para. 8, provides that courts should grant or deny authorization to proceed with second or successive habeas motions within thirty days of a request. Petitioner’s request was filed in August 2000, and the thirty-day period has expired. Nevertheless, we agree with other circuits that the time limit in section 2244(b)(3)(D) is “hortatory or advisory rather than mandatory.” Rodriguez v. Bay State Correct’l Ctr., 139 F.3d 270, 272 (1st Cir.1998) (quoting In re Siggers, 132 F.3d 333, 336 (6th Cir.1997), and noting statute attaches no eonse-
II
HABEAS APPLICATIONS UNDER AEDPA
The first specific question we asked the parties to address is: Does the retro-activity analysis set out in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989), and subsequent Supreme Court jurisprudence interpreting Teague survive AEDPA, and if not, what is the proper retroactivity test under AEDPA for authorization to file second or successive habeas petitions? We hold that, while a Teague analysis remains applicable to initial habeas applications raising new rules of constitutional law under section 2255, the proper test on a second or successive application is merely to ask whether the rule has been made retroactive by the Supreme Court. We further hold that a rule is “made retroactive” by the Court only if the Court actually applies the rule retroactively, or makes some explicit statement regarding retroactivity.
Applications by federal prisoners for a writ of habeas corpus are governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which provides that a prisoner who
claim[s] the right to be released upon the ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack, may move the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence.
Id. para. 1. Section 2255 establishes varying procedures for initial and for second or successive habeas applications.
Initial motions under section 2255 are to be filed with and considered by the court which imposed the sentence, with certain options for appeal thereafter. See id. para. 1-5; see also In re Hanserd, 123 F.3d 922, 925 (6th Cir.1997) (discussing differences between section 2255 motions and traditional habeas petitions). If the basis for relief depends upon a new rule of constitutional law announced after the conviction became final, consideration of the motion proceeds under the analytical framework established by the Supreme Court in Teague. Under the Teague analysis, new rules of constitutional law shall not be available retroactively to prisoners seeking collateral habeas review unless they either place a class of private conduct beyond the power of the state to proscribe, or define a “watershed” rule of criminal procedure that implicates the fairness and accuracy of a criminal proceeding on a fundamental level. 489 U.S. at 311, 109 S.Ct. 1060; see also Tillman v. Cook, 215 F.3d 1116, 1121-22 (10th Cir.2000). Teag-ue’s retroactivity analysis thus determines whether the new rule is applicable to an initial motion for collateral habeas relief. See Teague, 489 U.S. at 300-01, 109 S.Ct. 1060.
Prisoners who have been denied habeas relief on past applications may seek the benefit of new rules of constitutional law through second or successive applications under section 2255, but the procedural framework differs markedly from that followed for initial applications. As established by AEDPA, the federal courts of appeals play an initial “gatekeeping” role in granting or denying a prisoner authorization to proceed in district court with a second or successive application for a writ of habeas corpus. An application may
(1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the movant guilty of the offense; or
(2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.
28 U.S.C. § 2255 para. 8. Thus, for a previously unavailable new rule of constitutional law to be raised in a second or successive habeas application after AEDPA, the sole requirement is that the rule have been “made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court.” Id.
While it is clear that the retroactivity determination for second or successive habeas applications belongs wholly to the Supreme Court, AEDPA provides no guidance regarding when or how the Court “makes” a rule retroactive. The government argues section 2255 requires an actual retroactive application of a new rule by the Court, or specific language by the Court to that effect. See, e.g., In re Vial, 115 F.3d at 1197 (“[A] new rule of constitutional law has been ‘made retroactive to eases on collateral review by the Supreme Court’ within the meaning of § 2255 only when the Supreme Court declares the collateral availability of the rule in question, either by explicitly so stating or by applying the rule in a collateral proceeding.”). Mr. Browning claims the statutory language is not so limited, and that the Supreme Court has “made” a case retroactive if the principles of Teague are met in a given case, as determined by the circuit deciding the issue.
Mr. Browning relies upon West v. Vaughn, 204 F.3d 53, 59-61 (3rd Cir.2000), in which the Third Circuit held that “made retroactive” is a broad phrase which can be met whenever the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence makes clear that a new rule should be applied retroactively. In Wesi, the Third Circuit applied Teague and held a new rule retroactive after the Supreme Court declared in a direct appeal that violation of the rule would be considered structural error. See id. at 60. The Ninth Circuit also recently held a new rule to be retroactive under Teague, determining that “Congress incorporated Teague’s ret-roactivity analysis” when enacting AED-PA. Flowers v. Walter, 239 F.3d 1096, 1102-03, 1107-08 (9th Cir.2001)(per cu-riam). Other circuit courts have disagreed with this approach, holding that the Supreme Court must specifically hold a new rule to be retroactive before the new rule can be invoked in second or successive habeas applications. See, e.g., In re Tatum, 233 F.3d 857, 859 (5th Cir.2000)(per curiam); Rodgers v. United States, 229 F.3d 704, 706 (8th Cir.2000)(per curiam); Talbott v. Indiana, 226 F.3d 866, 868-69 (7th Cir.2000); In re Joshua, 224 F.3d 1281, 1283 (11th Cir.2000) (per curiam); Sustache-Rivera v. United States, 221 F.3d 8, 15 (1st Cir.2000); In re Vial, 115 F.3d at 1197.
We agree with those circuits holding that section 2255 requires us to await some specific guidance by the Supreme Court, rather than to apply Teague’s retroactivity analysis, before we may grant leave to proceed with second or successive habeas applications which rely on new rules of
Ill
RETROACTIVE APPLICATION OF APPRENDI
The second question we asked the parties to address is: Does Apprendi enunciate “a new rule of constitutional law” that has been “made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court”? Mr. Browning seeks to challenge his sentence under Apprendi, which establishes that, contrary to the nearly universal sentencing practices of the past several years, “any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” 120 S.Ct. at 2362-63. Although Apprendi did not explicitly include indictment practices in the rule, it suggested that the relevant facts must be included in an indictment as well. See id. at 2356-57. We so held in United States v. Jones, 235 F.3d 1231, 1235 (10th Cir.2000) (drug quantity must be included in indictment after Apprendi). Accord United States v. Keith, 230 F.3d 784, 786-87 (5th Cir.2000) (same); United States v. Aguayo-Delgado, 220 F.3d 926, 933 (8th Cir.2000) (same).
Edwin Browning pled guilty in 1994 to charges of methamphetamine distribution and possession of a stolen motor vehicle and was sentenced to concurrent terms of 292 and 120 months’ imprisonment. See United States v. Browning, 61 F.3d 752 (10th Cir.1995)(affirming conviction). He filed a first petition for habeas corpus relief in 1997, claiming his guilty plea was involuntary and challenging the application of various sentencing enhancements to his case. That petition was denied and not subsequently appealed. Mr. Browning now argues application of Apprendis rules would result in a reduction of his sentence. Because Mr. Browning has filed a previous habeas motion, he must seek permission from this court to proceed under section 2255.
Mr. Browming asks us to extend the rule of Apprendi to second or successive habeas motions, which we-cannot do unless it is a “new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255 para. 8(2). Because the rule set forth in Apprendi is rooted in the jury trial and due process guarantees of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, it can fairly be called a “new rule of constitutional law” under section 2255. See Apprendi, 120 S.Ct. at 2355-56 (“at stake in this case are constitutional issues of surpassing importance”); see also Jones v. Smith, 231 F.3d 1227, 1236 (9th Cir.2000) (holding Apprendi a “new rule of constitutional law” under Teague)-, Sustache-Rivera, 221 F.3d at 14-15 (noting constitutional underpinnings of Apprendi). We thus look to the Supreme Court to see whether it has made the rule retroactive to cases on collateral review, and we determine that it has not. To date, the Court simply has been silent on the repercussions of Apprendi. No language in Apprendi or in the Supreme Court’s later decisions even hints at the Court’s decision to make the rule retroactive to cases on collateral review. Under the specific requirements of AEDPA, we must await that decision.
In declining to authorize second or successive habeas motions by retroactively applying Apprendi, we agree with every other circuit that has ruled on the issue thus far. See In re Tatum, 233 F.3d at 859; Rodgers, 229 F.3d at 706; Talbott, 226 F.3d at 868-69; In re Joshua, 224 F.3d at 1283; Sustache-Rivera, 221 F.3d at 15. Consequently, we must deny Mr. Brown
We note, however, that his application is currently “futile, not fatal.” Talbott, 226 F.3d at 869. Because potentially meritorious claims may not be considered unless or until the Supreme Court makes Apprendi applicable to collateral review, our decision does not rest upon the merits of the claim. We therefore dismiss Mr. Browning’s motion without prejudice in the event of future action by the Supreme Court.
V
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Edwin Browning’s request for leave to file a second or successive habeas motion is DENIED without prejudice.
. We consolidated Mr. Browning’s application with another pro se application for permission to file a second or successive petition, appointed joint counsel for both, and heard oral arguments on both. As the other application raises an issue not relevant to Mr. Browning’s petition, however, we have now severed the two applications and will issue separate decisions.
. The Supreme Court recently granted a writ of certiorari in Tyler v. Cain, - U.S. -, 121 S.Ct. 654, 148 L.Ed.2d 558 (2000), on the following questions: "(1) Does petition for a writ of habeas corpus ásserting a claim of error under Cage v. Louisiana [498 U.S. 39, 111 S.Ct. 328, 112 L.Ed.2d 339 (1990)] [the case at issue in West] rely on ‘new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court,' within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(A)? (2) Should new rule of constitutional law announced by this Court in Cage v. Louisiana be made retroactively applicable to petitioners seeking collateral review of their convictions?” Tyler v. Cain,-U.S. -, 121 S.Ct. 654, 121 S.Ct. 654, 148 L.Ed.2d 558 (2000). The Court’s upcoming decision in Tyler may answer the questions we address here.
Dissenting Opinion
with whom HENRY, Circuit Judge, joins, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the majority’s conclusion that the “made retroactive” language in paragraph eight of 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is triggered only if (1) the Supreme Court explicitly states that the newly recognized constitutional right applies retroactively or (2) the Court applies the rule retroactively. Instead, I would hold that a new constitutional rule announced by the Supreme Court is “made retroactive” to cases on collateral review when that new rule satisfies the rigorous test set out by the Supreme Court in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989).
The Supreme Court’s grant of certiorari in Tyler v. Cain, — U.S.-, 121 S.Ct. 654, 148 L.Ed.2d 558 (2000), see Majority Op. at 1265 n. 2, would appear to obviate the need to set forth a detailed analysis of my views in this regard. As a consequence, I merely note that I am convinced by the analyses of the Third Circuit in West v. Vaughn, 204 F.3d 53, 58-63 (3d Cir.2000) and the Ninth Circuit in Flowers v. Walter, 239 F.3d 1096, 1100-05 (9th Cir.2001). Furthermore, the statutory language in § 2254(d)(1) demonstrates that when Congress sought to require an explicit Supreme Court ruling, it knew how to do so. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) (pro, viding that a state prisoner is entitled to habeas relief only if the relevant state court adjudication “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court” (emphasis added)). Finally, the majority’s interpretation of the eighth paragraph of § 2255 is at odds with a primary goal of the AEDPA: to have post-conviction claims resolved at the earliest possible opportunity. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 1509, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) (opinion of Stevens, J.) (noting that one purpose of AEDPA is to “curb delays”); id. at 1518 (opinion of O’Connor, J.) (same); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2255 para. 6 (setting forth one-year statute of limitations to the bringing of a § 2255 petition).
