Case No. CL00-152 | Spotsylvania Cir. Ct. | Jul 27, 2000
Wal-Mart and its store manager have demurred to an employee’s claim that her employment was wrongfully terminated.
Facts
Because this case is before the court on demurrer, it is axiomatic that the court must assume as true all allegations properly pleaded by the plaintiff, all facts that should be implied from those allegations, and all reasonable inferences that can be fairly drawn from the allegations. Luckett v. Jennings, 246 Va. 303" court="Va." date_filed="1993-09-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/luckett-v-jennings-1225091?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1225091">246 Va. 303, 435 S.E.2d 400 (1993); Palumbo v. Bennett, 242 Va. 248" court="Va." date_filed="1991-09-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/p-m-palumbo-jr-md-inc-v-bennett-1409096?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1409096">242 Va. 248, 409 S.E.2d 152 (1991). (However, a demurrer does not admit the correctness of the plaintiff’s conclusions of law recited in the pleading. Fox v. Custis, 236 Va. 69" court="Va." date_filed="1988-09-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/fox-v-custis-1222826?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1222826">236 Va. 69, 372 S.E.2d 373 (1988).) Therefore, the facts recited in this opinion are taken from the plaintiff’s pleading.
In 1997, Brown, the plaintiff, was an employee of Wal-Mart at its store in Spotsylvania County. The defendant, Pearson, was store manager. Jennifer Gamer also worked there.
On May 8, 1997, Garner and her husband accused Brown of defacing their automobile. Gamer’s husband caused a magistrate to issue a warrant for Brown’s arrest. Brown was arrested and admitted to bail. Shortly before
Brown was tried on July 1,1997, in Spotsylvania County General District Court and convicted. Pearson informed her that her employment at Wal-Mart was terminated. Brown appealed. While the case was pending trial de novo in Spotsylvania County Circuit Court, investigators determined that the accusation against Brown was false. Also, pending trial, Pearson told Brown that, if she were acquitted in the circuit court, she would be “immediately rehired.”
Meanwhile, Pearson continued to try to intervene in the proceedings, asking the prosecutor to dismiss the case if Brown paid Gamer’s damages. At one point, Gamer told Pearson that Brown had paid the damages. Consequently, Pearson asked the prosecutor to drop the charge, even though he knew Gamer’s statement about Brown having paid damages was false.
Eventually, the Commonwealth dropped the charge against Brown because of the falsity of the accusation. The Gamers and another person were prosecuted for perjury and convicted.
Wal-Mart did not re-hire Brown.
Brown initiated this litigation on April 19,2000, with a two-count motion for judgment. The defendants filed a demurrer. Arguments on the demurrer were heard on July 21,2000.
Decision: Count One
Count One alleges breach of contract. It is based on Pearson’s alleged promise that if Brown were acquitted in the circuit court, she would be “immediately re-hired.”
Ruling from the bench on July 21,2000, the court overruled the demurrer. Assuming the allegations in Count One are true, the plaintiff has adequately stated a cause of action. Whether she can establish the elements of an oral contract by a preponderance of the evidence is an issue of proof reserved for trial.
Decision: Count Two
In Count Two, Brown alleges wrongful termination of her employment.
Brown concedes that at all times pertinent to her claim, she was an at-will employee of Wal-Mart. She further concedes that Wal-Mart was not a
The at-will doctrine of employment law is a firmly embedded precept of the common law of Virginia. The doctrine leaves either party free to terminate the employment relationship at any time for any reason or for no reason.
The at-will doctrine is not absolute. Beginning in the mid-1980’s the Supreme Court of Virginia created an exception for certain types of terminations that violate public policy. The seminal case, as noted above, is Bowman. Hence, claims of wrongful discharge have come to be known as “Bowman claims.”
The court finds it unnecessary to cite and discuss all of the wrongful termination cases decided by the Supreme Court in the wake of Bowman. In a nutshell, the so-called Bowman-type exceptions to the state’s employment-at-will doctrine are quite narrow. In fact, the Supreme Court observed recently that it has found a public policy sufficient to allow a common law wrongful discharge claim in only two instances.
Applying these principles regarding the public policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine in this case, this court concludes that the statutes cited by Brown do not fit within any of the instances where the Supreme Court has found public policies that support a Bowman claim.
Next, it is significant that Brown’s allegations make clear that Pearson did not know that Gamer’s accusation was false. Rather, he merely sought to have Brown compensate the Gamers for what he thought was criminal conduct.
Further, the court agrees with the defendant’s argument that a criminal statute has been held to provide a public policy source for a Bowman claim only where an employer discharges an employee for refusing to perform a criminal act. See, e.g., Mitchem v. Counts, 259 Va. 179" court="Va." date_filed="2000-01-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mitchem-v-counts-1059673?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1059673">259 Va. 179, 523 S.E.2d 246 (2000). Such is not the case here.
The second source of public policy for Brown’s Bowman claim is Virginia Code §§ 16.1-79 et seq. These statutes deal with civil claims in general district courts. They are procedural statutes. There is no public policy inherent in those statutes that would give rise to a Bowman claim.
Finally, Brown alleges that her claim is based on public policy contained in the United States Constitution and in the Constitution of Virginia. Unspecified constitutional rights do not support a Bowman claim. If a discharged employee could premise a wrongful termination claim on the fundamental principles of our society as articulated in the Bill of Rights, every employment termination claim would be actionable.
Conclusión
The court is of the opinion that Brown’s wrongful termination allegations (Count Two) do not state a Bowman claim. Because she was admittedly an at-will employee, she has failed to state a cause of action against her employer, Wal-Mart, or its store manager. Thus, the demurrer to Count Two will be sustained.
For the reasons discussed, the demurrer to Count One will be overruled.
Of course, the doctrine does not apply when there is an employment contract. In such case, the terms of the contract control.
In 1995, the General Assembly amended Virginia Code § 2.1-725 to preclude a wrongful termination cause of action based on any public policy reflected in the Virginia Human Rights Act (VHRA). See Doss v. Jamco, 254 Va. 362, 492 S.E.2d 441 (1997). Brown’s claim does not implicate the VHRA.