Brown v. State

127 Wis. 193 | Wis. | 1906

Dodge, J.

1. As the statement of facts discloses, the only mooted question was that of prosecutrix’s physical resistance to the act of intercourse, and, as to this, counsel for plaintiff in error urges, with great force, that there was not evidence sufficient to satisfy any reasonable mind, beyond reasonable doubt, of sueb resistance as the law makes sine qua non to tbe crime of rape. We need not reiterate those considerations of the ease of assertion of the forcible accomplishment of the sexual act, with impossibility of defense save by direct denial, or of the proneness of the woman, when she finds the fact of her disgrace discovered or likely of discovery, to minimize her fault by asserting vis major, which have led courts, and none more strenuously than this, to hold to a very strict rule of proof in such cases. Conners v. State, 47 Wis. 523, 2 N. W. 1143; Whittaker v. State, 60 Wis. 518, 7 N. W. 431; Bohlmann v. State, 98 Wis. 617, 74 N. W. 343; O'Boyle v. State, 100 Wis. 296, 75 N. W. 989; Devoy v. State, 122 Wis. 148, 99 N. W. 455. Not only must there be entire absence of mental consent or assent, but there must be the most vehement exercise of every physical means or faculty within the woman’s power to resist the penetration of her person, and this must be shown to persist until the offense is consummated. We need not mention the exception where the power of resistance is overcome by unconsciousness, threats, or exhaustion, for, in this case, there is no proof of any of those things. Eur-ther, it is settled in this state that no mere general statements of the prosecutrix, involving her conclusions, .that she did her utmost and the like, will suffice to establish this essential fact, but she must relate the very acts done, in order that the jury and the court may judge whether any were omitted. Bohlmann v. State, supra; Devoy v. State, supra. Turning to the testimony of prosecutrix, we find it limited to the general statement, often repeated, that she tried as hard as she could to get away. Except for one demand, when first seized, to “let me go,” and inarticulate screams, she mentions no verbal protests. While we would reasonably recognize the limitations resting on many people in attempting expression and description, we cannot conceive it possible that one whose mind and' exertions had, during an encounter of this sort, been set on resistance, could or would in narrative mention notbing but escape or withdrawal. A woman’s means of protection are not limited to that, but she is equipped to interpose most effective obstacles by means of bands and limbs and pelvic muscles. Indeed, medical writers insist that these obstacles are practically insuperable in absence of more than the usual relative disproportion of age and strength between man and woman, though no such impossibility is recognized as a rule of law. 3 Wharton & S. Med. Jur. §§ 172, 188, and authorities cited; 1 Beck, Med. Jur. 203. In addition to the interposition of such obstacles is the ability and tendency of reprisal, of counter physical attack. It is hardly within the range of reason that a man should come out of so desperate an encounter as the determined normal woman would make necessary, without signs thereof upon his face, hands, or clothing. Yet this prosecutrix, of at least fair intelligence, education, and ability of expression, in her narrative mentions no single act of resistance or reprisal. It is inconceivable that such efforts should have been forgotten if they were made, or should fail of prominence in her narrative. The distinction between escape and resistance is admirably discussed by RyaN, O. J., in State v. Welch, 37 Wis. 196, 201. Resistance is opposing force to force (Bouviér), not retreating from force. These illustrations but serve to point the radical difference between the mental conception of resistance and escape and emphasize the improbability that if the former existed only the latter would have been mentioned. This court does not hold, with some, that, as matter of law, rape cannot be established by the uncorroborated testimony of the sufferer, but, in common with all courts, recognizes that, without such corroboration, her testimony must be most clear and convincing. Among the corroborating circumstances almost universally present in_ cases of actual rape are the signs and marks of the struggle upon the clothing and persons of the participants, and the complaint by the sufferer at the earliest opportunity. In the present case the former is absolutely wanting, for the one-incb rip in prosecutrix’s underwear was not shown to be of a character or location significant of force or violence. Not a bruise or scratch on either was proved, and •none existed on prosecutrix, for she was carefully examined by physicians. Her outer clothing not only presented no tearing, but no disarray, so far as the testimony goes. When one pauses to reflect upon the terrific resistance which the determined woman should make, such a situation is well-nigh incredible. The significance of the other corroborative circumstance, that of immediate disclosure, is much weakened in this case by the fact that prosecutrix turned from her way to friends and succor to arrange her underclothing and there discovered a condition making silence impossible. Such facts cannot but suggest a doubt whether her encounter would ever have been disclosed had not the discovery of blood aroused her fear that she was injured and must seek medical aid, or at least that she could not conceal from her family what had taken place. Nor is this thoughtfulness of the disarrangement of her clothing consistent with the outraged woman’s terror-stricken flight to friends to give the alarm and seek aid which is to be expected. We are convinced that there was no evidence of the resistance which is essential to the crime of rape, and that the motion for new trial should have been granted on that ground.

2. Was there improper influence exerted upon the jury? The rule has become fully settled in Wisconsin that a verdict eannot stand when the jury have been subjected to any statements or directions naturally tending to coerce or threaten them to agreement either way, or to agreement at all, unless it be clearly shown that no influence was thereby exerted. Roman v. State, 41 Wis. 312; McBean v. State, 83 Wis. 206, 53 N. W. 497; Hodges v. O’Brien, 113 Wis. 97, 88 N. W. 901; Secor v. State, 118 Wis. 621, 637, 95 N. W. 942; Koch v. State, 126 Wis. 470, 106 N. W. 531. It has been said that reasonable ground to suspect such influence suffices. Roman v. State, supra. Presumption of prejudicial effect arises in absence of clear proof to tbe contrary. Keenan v. State, 8 Wis. 132; State v. Dolling, 37 Wis. 396; Peppercorn v. Black River Falls, 89 Wis. 38, 41, 61 N. W. 79; Hempton v. State, 111 Wis. 127, 147, 86 N. W. 596. It is even stronger in case of improper statements by an officer tban if by tbe trial judge. Hempton v. State, 111 Wis. 127, 149, 86 N. W. 596. Whether testimony of jurors as to their own mental processes, either in support or denial of the effect of statements or conduct, can be received at all, may well be doubted (Hempton v. State, supra; Wolfgram v. Schoepke, 123 Wis. 19, 24, 100 N. W. 1054; Woodward v. Leavitt, 107 Mass. 453, 466), but is not important here, for there is none offered to negative effect upon some of the jurors, and the direct evidence of the' two jurors as to their mental processes or reasons may be-disregarded in view of the presumptions above stated. Such affidavits were admissible to prove the physical conditions- and the statement of the officer. McBean v. State, 83 Wis. 206, 210, 53 N. W. 497; Hempton v. State, supra; Woodward v. Leavitt, supra. In view of the conditions under which the jurymen were suffering, it is unquestionable that the officer’s warning that they would be locked up for the night unless they agreed very soon was both threatening and coercive, ’ and naturally tended to induce surrender of their opinions. While jurymen, in performance of the high civic function entrusted to them, ought to adhere to their deliberate and conscientious convictions notwithstanding personal inconvenience or suffering, it is not the policy of the law that rights of litigants, especially those charged with crime, shall be made dependent on the existence of such Spartan devotion to-duty. We cannot avoid the conclusion that the verdict before us was fully proved to have been rendered under such threats and coercion that it. should have been set aside.

3. The information was assailed, both before plea and after verdict, because of omission of the word “feloniously”1 or some equivalent therefor. A mass of authority, ancient and modern, from which many decisions and test-writers are-.cited, suppprt this assault, and declare the necessity of the adverb “feloniously” to a good charge of rape. There are exceptions, for citation of which, also-, we are mainly indebted to the industry and fairness of counsel for plaintiff in error. Some of these rest directly upon statutes authorizing-the omission of the very word itself; others on more general statutes, and still others upon the disappearance, in America,, of the ancient common-law distinctions between felonies and misdemeanors and results of convictions of either. Comm. v. Scannel, 11 Cush. 547, 548; People v. Olivera, 7 Cal. 403;. People v. Garcia, 25 Cal. 531; Bruguier v. U. S. 1 Dak. 5, 46 N. W. 502; Jane v. Comm. 3 Met. (Ky.) 18; State v. Felch, 58 N. H. 1; State v. Tourjee, 26 R. I. 234, 58 Atl. 767; Whart. Cr. Pl. & Pr. (9th ed.) § 260. At the common law criminal pleading became burdened with numerous technicalities and refinements, some of them founded upon practical and cogent reasons then existing, others upon grounds-almost fanciful. In the same spirit with their Civil Codes-most states have, by statutes, swept away many of these requirements in the interest of simplicity and directness. Hardly anywhere have such legislative attempts been accorded more comprehensive effect by courts than in Wisconsin. Some of our statutes on the subject are the following: See. 4650, Stats. 1898, requiring an offense to be charged “in plain,, concise language, without prolixity or unnecessary repetition;” sec. 4658, Stats. 1898, declaring information sufficient “if it can be understood therefrom that the offense charged is set forth with such degree of certainty that the court may pronounce judgment upon a conviction according to the right of the case;” sec. 4659, Stats. 1898, providing that no information shall be vitiated by omission of “ ‘with force and arms’’ or any word of similar import, . . . or by reason of any other defect or imperfection in matters of form which shall not tend to the prejudice of the defendant;” sec. 4669, Stats. 1898, directing that, after verdict, an information shall suffice which defines a statutory offense in the words of the statute or in words of substantially the same meaning; and finally, sec. 2829, Stats. 1898, applicable alike to civil and criminal proceedings (Cornell v. State, 104 Wis. 527, 80 N. W. 745), commanding: “The, court shall, in every stage of an action, disregard any error or defect in the pleadings or proceedings which shall not affect the substantial rights of the adverse party; and no judgment shall be reversed or affected by reason of such error or defect.” The policy of liberality evinced by these statutes was declared in the apt words of MaRshall, J., in State ex rel. Durner v. Huegin, 110 Wis. 189, 232, 85 N. W. 1046. Under them, omissions of such elements as “against the peace and dignity of the state” or “against the statutes in such case made” or “unlawfully” have been held immaterial. Nichols v. State, 35 Wis. 308, 312; Hintz v. State, 58 Wis. 493, 17 N. W. 639 ; Murphy v. State, 108 Wis. 111, 115, 83 N. W. 1112; Stale ex rel. Durner v. Huegin, supra; Hanley v. State, 125 Wis. 396, 104 N. W. 57. Sufficiency of a description of the offense in the words of the statute wherever the statute so individuates the offense that the offender has proper notice, from the mere adoption of the statutory terms, what offense he is held for, both before and after verdict, has been repeatedly decided, approving Whart. Cr. Pl. & Pr. (8th ed.) § 220; Bonneville v. State, 53 Wis. 680, 686, 11 N. W. 427; Steuer v. State, 59 Wis. 472, 18 N. W. 433; State v. Mueller, 85 Wis. 203, 55 N. W. 165; Fischer v. State, 101 Wis. 23, 76 N. W. 594. Other instances of the application of above cited statutes are State v. Boncher, 59 Wis. 477, 481, 18 N. W. 335; Sires v. State, 73 Wis. 251, 255, 41 N. W. 81. The question whether the acts constituting an offense of which the elements are fully defined and the punishment is prescribed by statute is a felony or misdemeanor is no longer a very material one. All the results are the same in either event, namely, those denounced by the statute. Forfeiture of estate or benefit of clergy no longer follows one holding or the other. See State v. Felch, supra. Doubtless it is essential now, as of old, that the information or indictment must, without intendment, declare all the elements essential to the crime, and with so much of description and certainty as to fully inform the accused of the specific acts claimed to constitute the crime and the crime which they are claimed to constitute. Bates v. State, 124 Wis. 612; Steuer v. State, supra. If it do this, however, the statutes above mentioned certainly declare its sufficiency. In the present information we find it charged that the defendant did exactly that to which the law affixes the punishment. It could not fail to inform him and the court what acts were alleged to be criminal nor what crime was charged; neither could there be any doubt that conviction or acquittal would fully protect him against further prosecution for that crime. What, then, could be added by alleging such acts to have been done feloniously % The purpose of such assertion, originally, was to show upon the record that the prisoner was not entitled to benefit of clergy (Whart. Cr. Pl. & Pr. § 260), or perhaps that forfeiture of estate must result (Wilson v. State, 1 Wis. 184, 188) ; but no such purpose could be served at the present time. It is suggested that the word in question might supply some other qualification, express allegation of which is lacking, such as criminal intent, where acts might be criminal or innocent according- to the intent or the element of force and against will; but we discover nothing omitted from the present information needing to be supplied. The statute makes no requirement of specific criminal intent other than necessarily inheres in ravishment by force and against the will of the sufferer, and all of that is expressly alleged. No other element of the crime occurs to us which could be added to the word “feloniously” and none is suggested. We are convinced that its absence does not affect the substantial rights of defendant, •and that, without it, the offense denounced by sec. 4381, Stats. 1898, is set forth with such degree of certainty that the court •could pronounce judgment according to the right of the case, and that the defect, if such it be, is in mere matter of form not tending to the prejudice of the defendant. So that, under -our statute, the information is sufficient without this word, however essential at common law or under other and different ■systems of criminal procedure.

4. Error is assigned upon the overruling of an objection to ■the question to the prosecutrix: “Was it against your will?” In this we think there was no error. Where a mere mental ■condition is material, the person whose intent is material is ■usually, if not universally, allowed to testify directly to the •existence or nonexistence of such mental state; such evidence, •of course, to be weighed with due regard to the ease of the •statement and the difficulty of refutation. Fischer v. State, 101 Wis. 23, 26, 76 N. W. 594; Milwaukee R. M. Co. v. Hamacek, 115 Wis. 422, 91 N. W. 1010. Such question to the prosecutrix could properly mean no more than to inquire as to her mental state of willingness or unwillingness. Of course it would be improper by such a question to attempt to call for the conclusion of the witness as to whether the offense was against her will in the statutory sense that it was accomplished only by overcoming the utmost physical resistance of which she was capable; and, even if so understood by the jury, her mere conclusion upon such subject could not justify conviction unless confirmed by full proof of the acts constituting ■such resistance, as has already been pointed out in discussing the sufficiency of the evidence in this case.

5. Error is also assigned upon refusing to permit a physician called by the defendant to testify that the prosecutrix, at the time of her physical examination, stated to the witness that she made no resistance or fight. In such ruling there was no error: first, for the reason that the witness had already been allowed to answer the same question; but, as the subject may be of importance upon another trial, we deem it proper to say that, independently of this reason, tbe ruling was correct. Tbe prosecutrix was not a party so as to render ber admissions competent evidence, and tbe only way in wbicb such a statement of hers could be made admissible would be either, first, by laying a foundation for its reception as impeaching evidence; or, secondly, by tbe state first giving evidence of parts of tbe same transaction whereby tbe defendant might be entitled to prove tbe remainder. State v. Shettleworth, 18 Minn. 208, 215; State v. Yocum, 117 Mo. 622, 23 S. W. 765; State v. Sudduth, 52 S. C. 488, 490, 30 S. E. 408. We are clear, however, that tbe mere propf by tbe state of tbe fact of physical examination, without detailing any of tbe conversation, would not so open tbe door, except possibly for tbe purpose of narrating statements or conduct strictly res gestee to tbe examination, such as expressions of present pain or bodily or mental condition. Tbe subject inquired of by tbe rejected question related to nothing of tbe sort, but to past events, Of course such narrative on tbe following day could not be admissible as res gestae of tbe offense itself.

6. Error is assigned upon refusal of a requested instruction to tbe effect that mere verbal protests and refusals would not suffice as resistance; and that, unless tbe jury found active physical resistance by prosecutrix, their verdict must be not guilty. Both of these propositions of law were correct, and, in a case of so much doubt, should have been impressed upon tbe jury clearly and unambiguously. Tbe court, in its general charge, gave a correct abstract rule of law as to tbe necessity of both nonconsent and resistance, and, since there must be reversal on other grounds, we shall not deem necessary to decide whether such charge sufficiently met tbe request of defendant’s counsel.

Complaint is made that, in bis general ehai’ge, tbe court authorized conviction without full and continued resistance, if such resistance were overcome by fear. It is urged that, while tbe rule of law is correct iu a proper case, it tended here to mislead tbe jury by suggesting that they might find such situation and excuse in the facts of this case, whereas there was no evidence whatever of any threats or other facts to justify such finding. The argument might be of much force had exception been reserved to this portion of the charge, but, in absence of such exception, there can be no reversal on this ground. '

Other assignments present nothing likely to arise upon a new trial and may be passed without discussion.

By the Oouri. — Judgment and sentence reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.