Brown v. State

55 Ark. 593 | Ark. | 1892

Mansfield, T. J

.1. Experttestimony as to “^knowledge lnadmisslbleThe defendant sought an acquittal of the o j. charge against him, on the ground that the homicide was justifiable. The theory of the prosecution appears to have ■been that the killing was an assassination. It occurred at the dwelling house of Mrs. Martha Ratliff. She was the ¡mother-in-law of Brown, and he and his wife were there as her guests. He had come into the neighborhood at the request of Mrs. Ratliff for the purpose of removing her and her family to the place of his own residence in the county of Searcy. The deceased resided near her house, and she had been in his employment for ten or twelve years. He had controlled her labor and that of her children during that time, and he objected to the proposed removal. He was displeased ■at the marriage of the defendant to Mrs. Ratliff’s daughter, which took place in the year preceding that of his death, and it was proved that he had frequently threatened to take defendant’s life. The latter had been informed of many of these threats, and it was shown that the reputation of the deceased was that of a revengful and dangerous man. Two witnesses testified that on the day he was killed he declared that he would kill Brown if the latter attempted to effect the removal which Mrs. Ratliff desired to make. Her house contained but one room and had only one door-way. The door opened on to a porch which was four feet wide with its floor twenty inches above the ground. There was evidence tending to show that the deceased was killed by a shot fired from the house through the open door as he was advancing toward the door with an axe drawn in a threatening manner and apparently for the purpose of assaulting Brown. He fell with his head from the porch and with one foot on or against the first step leading to the porch floor. Dr. Ruff was a witness for the State and testified as a medical expert. He had examined the body of the deceased and described the wounds found upon it. One of these was on the left side of the head and was made with a large-bored gun. He stated that the brains had passed from the skull through the opening made by this wound, to such an extent that he could not by-probing ascertain the course of the ball; but on separating the head from the body he discovered “ the track of the bullet where it had cut its way down the marrow of the neck bone.” He was then permitted to give his opinion, as a physician “ and from viewing the premises ” where the killing was done, “ that it would have been impossible for the deceased to have been shot” as he was “if he had been advancing on the defendant with a drawn axe in any sort of a fighting position whatever.” He was also permitted to testify that in his opinion the deceased was shot while he was-sitting “ on the porch in a reclining position” and that it was not likely that he was killed “in a sudden rencounter.” He was also allowed to state his reasons for entertaining these opinions. His testimony, except in so far as it related to the nature of the wounds and the weapons with which they were produced, was objected to by the defendant, and its admission was made one of the grounds of his motion for a new-trial.

The opinion of an expert is not admissible to prove a matter of common experience and knowledge, upon which any person of ordinary intelligence is capable of arriving at a correct conclusion, i Wharton, Ev., sec. 436; Milwaukee, etc., R. Co. v. Kellogg, 94 U. S., 469; 66 Am. Dec., 228 (note). The testimony of medical experts forms no exception to this rule; and a physician or surgeon testifying as such cannot therefore give his opinion on a question which the jury are capable of answering without the aid of professional skill and experience. Cook v. State, 24 N. J. L., 843. He may testify whether in his opinion a particular wound examined by himself or described to him in the statement of a hypothetical case was the cause of death or was sufficient to produce death. Ebos v. State, 34 Ark., 520. He may also give his opinion as to the nature of the instrument which produced a particular wound, the force required to produce it, and whether a given injury could have been inflicted by a weapon of, a particular description. Having examined a wound a physician may state its direction upon the body; and if its appearance cannot be perfectly described to the jury and is such as to indicate the direction from which it was received, he may state his opinion as to such direction. Fort v. State, 52 Ark., 180. But his opinion is never admissible to show the position of the body at the time a wound was received nor the position of the person who inflicted it. The adjudged cases to this effect are numerous; but a reference to only a few of them will serve to illustrate the view which the courts have taken of this question. In the case of Kennedy v. People, 39 N. Y., 245, the trial court permitted a physician to testify that in his opinion the deceased was probably sitting in a stooped position with his head upon his hands when he received a blow on the side of his head ; and that he .was “probably lying down, either on his back or face,” when a wound on the top of his head was inflicted. This testimony was held to be incompetent—the Court of Appeals saying that it should have been left to the jury to infer the position of the body from the facts which tended to show it. In Cooper v. State, 23 Texas, 331, the deceased was upon his horse at the time he was killed. And it was held that the opinions of physicians who examined his body were not admissible to show that the person who shot him was also on horseback or fired from some other elevation. The court said the question was one upon which medical experts were not more competent than the jury to form a correct opinion. So in Williams v. State, 17 S. W. Rep., 1072, it was held error to permit a physician who examined the wound of the person assaulted to testify that in his opinion the body was in an upright position at the time the bullet entered it. See also Thompson v. State, 17 S. W. Rep., 448; Hunt v. State, 9 Texas App., 166; Steagald v. State, 24 Texas App., 207; Dillard v. State, 58 Miss., 368 ; State v. Rainsbarger, 74 Iowa, 196; Davis v. State, 38 Md., 15 ; 66 Am. Dec., 234-235 ; Rogers, Exp. Test., secs. 8, 53 ; 1 Bishop, Cr. Pro., sec. 1177 ; Kerr’s Law of Homicide, sec. 479. The opinions of Dr. Ruff objected to by the defendant related directly to the merits of the case and not to any question of science or professional skill. They were therefore incompetent, and the court erred in admitting them. 1 Greenl. Ev., sec. 440.

2. whenhomacide justifiable. The defendant contends that the killing was justifiable under section 1551 of the digest, which is as follows: “A manifest attempt and endeavor, in a violent, riotous or tumultuous manner, to enter the habitation of another, for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person dwelling or being therein, shall be a justification of homicide.” A preceding section of the same statute re-asserts an ancient maxim of the common law by declaring that “ every man’s house or place of residence shall be deemed and adjudged, in law, his castle.” An assault upon a man’s house was by the common law an assault upon himself. He could therefore repel such an assault by the force necessary to defeat it. And if, in resisting a forcible attempt to break into his habitation, the life of the assailant was taken when he might have been otherwise resisted, the killing was ordinarily held to be a crime of no higher grade than manslaughter. Cook’s Case, Croke's Car., 537; Mead’s Case, 1 Lew., 184. So too a man assailed in his own house was not required, as in some other cases, to seek his safety in flight before he could excuse the killing of his assailant as an act of self-defense. I Russell, Crimes, 662; 1 Whart., Cr. Law, secs. 502, 503; Carroll v. State, 23 Ala., 28.

The provision of our criminal code embraced in section IS51 is doubtless an outgrowth of the doctrine on which these rules were founded. The right, however, to use such force as is necessary to prevent a mere intrusion into a dwelling house exists independently of that section of the statute. And the attempt to effect such intrusion may be resisted, without regard to the intent with which it is made or the manner of making it. But section 1551 applies only where the attempt is made in the manner and for the purpose which it mentions. And even where the attempt is thus made, a homicide committed in resisting it will not be excused if done unnecessarily. (Mansf. Dig., sec. 1526). To make such a homicide justifiable when committed as a means of self defense, it must reasonably appear to the person committing it that the entry of his assailant into the biouse will expose him to the danger of losing his life or of receiving a great bodily injury. And it is his duty to prevent the entry by means not fatal if he can do so consistently with his own safety. Pond v. People, 8 Mich., 177 ; Carroll v. State, 23 Ala., 28 ; State v. Patterson, 45 Vt., 308. Following the doctrine of the common law, the statute regards the violent attempt to enter the house as equivalent to an assault upon the person to be injured; and when it is obviously about to be made, he may at once put himself in an attitude to repel the aggressor. It was not practicable to give a rule applicable to all cases for determining what acts or conduct will constitute the actual attempt to enter a house. But it must be a “ manifest ” attempt; and we take this to mean one so plainly made that no reasonable doubt will exist as to the purpose of the aggressor. At what point the effort to enter the house has begun, and how far it may be permitted to proceed with safety to the life or person of the individual assailed, must be determined by the circumstances of each case. And these are questions more of fact than of law.

Brown had the same right of defense in Mrs. Ratliff’s house that he would have had in his own. Whether the deceased was attempting to enter it and in what manner and for what purpose, and whether at the time he was killed the life of Brown was imperilled or his person exposed to the danger of great harm, were all questions for the jury under proper instructions as to the law. The several sections of the digest defining justifiable homicide are parts of the same statute, and so close is their relation that each to some extent explains or controls the meaning of the other. It was proper to give them all in charge to the jury, together with the sections defining murder and voluntary manslaughter. The defendant was also entitled to an instruction making a practical application cf the law to the facts which the evidence on his part tended to establish. As a charge for that purpose his second request would not have been more favorable to his theory of the case than it was proper to give if, after its recital of facts, it had concluded by saying that the killing was justifiable if the defendant reasonably believed it was necessary to prevent the deceased from entering the house. But the modification made by the court obscured the meaning of the charge and rendered it inappropriate to the defense on which it was requested.

By the first clause of the court’s second instruction the jury were told that to justify the defendant in killing the deceased “ he must have acted under an honest belief that it was necessary at the time of the killing to take the life of the deceased in order to save his own life; ” and it is not stated in any part of that instruction that the homicide was also justifiable if it was committed in necessary sfelf-defense and to prevent a great bodily injury. This omission did not occur in the first instruction, and we presume it escaped the presiding judge’s notice. But it made the instruction incomplete as a separate and distinct declaration of the law. And it appears from the bill of exceptions that the prosecuting attorney in his argument to the jury insisted that under the charge they had received the defendant could not justify the killing if he could have saved his life by flight. The use thus made of the instruction is assigned as a ground of the motion for a new trial. But it is shown that the attention of the court was not directed to it at the time the argument was made. If attention was called to the error at any time before the verdict was rendered, it was the duty of the court to correct it.

There was no error in refusing the defendant’s first instruction. The fourth instruction he requested was a correct statement of the law on the subject to which it relates and was improperly refused. But the points it embraced were perhaps substantially covered by a clause in the court’s second instruction.

3. Instruction as to accessories improper when. The defendant having been indicted as a principal, section 1505 of the digest relating to accessories had no application to the case. Williams v. State, 41 Ark., 173; S. C., 42 Ark., 380. And we find nothing in the record to make the act of King in striking the body of the deceased, in the manner testified to by James Jones, admissible in evidence against Brown.

4. When evidence of uncommunicated threats admissible. The declaration of the deceased which the defendant offered to prove by Mrs. Medlin was in the nature of a threat made by the deceased a few days before his death,, and was competent evidence. In connection with the other threats admitted by the court the declaration referred to was a circumstance proper to be considered by the jury as tending to show that the deceased was the aggressor. Whart., Cr. Ev., sec. 775 ; Wiggins v. People, 93 U. S., 465 ; see also Harris v. State, 34 Ark., 473; Sneed v. State, 47 Ark., 187.

It does not certainly appear from the record whether the other threats excluded were sufficiently recent to make them also admissible. See 2 Bish., Cr. Pro., sec. 621.

The admission of Dr. Kirkscey’s testimony' mentioned in the brief of counsel was not complained of in the application for a new trial.

It is not important to consider the other questions presented by the defendant’s exceptions.

For the errors pointed out the judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial.