Archie BROWN, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
No. 59758.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, En Banc.
June 10, 1981.
The judgments in Cause Nos. 59,064 and 59,199 are affirmed. The judgment in Cause No. 58,864 is reversed and remanded.
ODOM, J., dissents in Cause No. 58,864.
Robert A. Canonico, Waco, for appellant.
Felipe Reyna, Dist. Atty., and Rodney Goble, Asst. Dist. Atty., Waco, Rоbert Huttash, State‘s Atty., Austin, for the State.
OPINION
TEAGUE, Judge.
Appellant appeals his conviction for the felony offense of burglary of a building.1
This Court is confronted at the outset with a question of first impression:
Is it reversible error for the trial court, over objection, to refuse to charge the jury, at the punishment stage of the trial, on the defendant‘s failure to testify, when the trial court so charged the jury at the guilt-innocence stage of the trial?
Appellant did not testify at either stage of his trial. The trial court instructed the jury at the guilt-innocence stage of the trial on appellant‘s failure to testify but refused, over timely objection, to charge in like fashion at the рunishment stage. We reverse for reasons hereinafter stated.
The Supreme Court of the United States recently ruled in Lakeside v. Oregon, 435 U.S. 333, 98 S.Ct. 1091, 55 L.Ed.2d 319 (1978), that the giving of an instruction on the failure of the accused to testify, over objection, at the guilt-innocence stage of a trial did not violate any provision of the Constitution of the United States. It was pointed out, however: “Each State is, of course, free to forbid its trial judges from giving the instruction as a matter of stаte law,” but it was held that the fifth and fourteenth amendments bar only adverse comment on a defendant‘s failure to testify, not a favorable limiting instruction.
Even more recently, in Carter v. Kentucky, — U.S. —, 101 S.Ct. 1112, 67 L.Ed.2d 241 (1981), the Supreme Court held that a defendant has a right to a requested instruction on failure to testify under the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination of the
Though instructive and informative, the above decisions of the Supreme Court do
The importance of giving proper instructions to a jury by a trial court should never be questioned, especially when onе considers the very obvious purpose the charge serves:
The very purpose of a jury charge is to flag the jurors’ attention to concepts that must not be misunderstood . . . Lakeside, supra, at 435 U.S. 340, 98 S.Ct. 1095.
In resolving the question before us, we first acknowledge that both Constitutions under which we live provide that an accused in a criminal prosecution shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself.
The
The
These Constitutional provisions are as broad as the mischief against which they seek to guard. The proposition that a criminal defendant cannot be compelled to take the witness stand at the guilt-innocence stage and give evidence against himself is so well understood that it requires no citation of authority to support it. It is, of course, a waivable right if done knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently. A corollary to the above is the fact that any defendant in a criminal action shall be permitted to testify in his own behalf. But, again, the failure of an accused to testify at his trial, at the guilt-innocence stage, shall not be taken as a circumstance against him, nor shall it be alluded to or commented on by counsel in the cause. See
We observe that, as at the guilt-innocence stage of the trial, if the defendant exercises his right to testify at the punishment hearing, he is subject to the same rules governing examination and cross-examination as any other witness. He may be contradicted, impeached, discredited, attacked, sustained, bolstered up, made to give evidence against himself, cross-examined as to new matter, and treated in every respect as any other witness testifying, except where there are overriding constitutional or statutory prohibitions. See Brumfield, supra, see also Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 100 S.Ct. 2124, 65 L.Ed.2d 86 (1980) and Santiago v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 444 S.W.2d 758 (1969).
However, it is further observed thаt if the defendant chooses to testify at the punishment stage of the trial, but not at the guilt-innocence stage, Walker v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 555 S.W.2d 454 (1977); and Stratman v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 436 S.W.2d 144 (1969), he may waive, for appellate purposes, evidentiary objections made during the guilt-innocence stage of the trial. This may include the right to complain on appeal of an in or out-of-court identification, the sufficiency of the evidence, and аn illegal search and seizure. See Downey v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 505 S.W.2d 907 (1974); Sims v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 502 S.W.2d 730 (1973);
We therefore move to the punishment phase of the trial where the defendant is not entitled, because he was found guilty, to many of the precautionary instructions usually given at the guilt-innocence phase of the trial, i. e., he is no longer presumed innocent, by the verdict of the jury the State has satisfied its burden to prove the defendant guilty, thеre is no longer a reasonable doubt as to the defendant‘s guilt, and the indictment or information is no longer relevant except where it contains enhancement allegations. See
However, the right of self-incrimination does not end with the jury finding the defendant guilty for, as Presiding Judge Onion said in Brumfield, supra:
The mere finding of guilt does not terminate the privilege against self-incrimination. . . . the privilege ceases only when liability to punishment no longer exists. We cannot agree that the legislature by providing a bifurcated trial system intended to make the decision of an accused as to taking the witness stand on the issue of guilt a more onerous one than it was under the former Code. (emphasis added) Id. at 741.
Nor does the fact that a verdict of guilty has been returned by a jury diminish the importance of giving аdditional proper instructions to the same jury at the punishment stage of the trial. In fact, the legislature has mandated, see
The dissent‘s argument that the trial court‘s instruction, given at the guilt-innocence stage of the trial, carried over to the punishment phase of the trial, thus eliminating the need for an identical instruction at that stage of the trial, at first blush seems reasonable, but a short analysis of the proposition shows it to be fallacious. The trial court, by giving the jury pattern jury instructions at the punishment stage, which were in part identical to those given at the guilt-innocence stage, showed a recognition of the evanescent qualities of the human
The above holding is really not anything new as what we announce today is merely to apply to the punishment stage of the trial, inversely, the many suggestiоns we have made in the past, see Rogers v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 486 S.W.2d 786 (1972); Handley v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 480 S.W.2d 738 (1972); and Hill v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 466 S.W.2d 791 (1971), regarding the guilt-innocence stage of the trial.
We now return to the question presented, and answer it in the affirmative. We hold that where a request is made to the trial court to add to its charge at the punishment stage of the trial an instruction on the failure of the defendant to testify, or an objection is made to the omission of such charge, it is reversible error if the trial court fails to honоr that request or objection because we find that “members of the jury, unless instructed otherwise, may well draw adverse inferences from a defendant‘s silence,” at the punishment phase of the trial, just as they could from the defendant‘s silence at the guilt-innocence stage of the trial. “No judge can prevent jurors from speculating about why a defendant stands mute . . . , but a judge can, and must, if requested to do so, use the unique jury instruction to reduce that speculation to a minimum.” See Carter, supra, 101 S.Ct. at 1113.
For the above and foregoing reasons, the judgment is therefore reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
ROBERTS, ODOM and DALLY, JJ., concur.
W. C. DAVIS, Judge, dissenting.
The majority places reliance upon Carter v. Kentucky, — U.S. —, 101 S.Ct. 1112, 67 L.Ed.2d 241 (1981). I, too, find that the Carter decision is both informative and self-limiting. In that case, the Supreme Court of the United States expressly stated:
“. . . While it is arguable that a refusal to give an instruction similar to thе one that was requested here can never be harmless, cf. Bruno [v. United States], 308 U.S., [287] at 293, [60 S.Ct. 198 at 200, 84 L.Ed. 451], we decline to reach the issue, because it was not presented to or considered by the Supreme Court of Kentucky. See Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 527 [99 S.Ct. 2450, 2461, 61 L.Ed.2d 39].” (Emphasis added) Carter, supra, at 101 S.Ct. page 1121.
Although this Court has previously held that the giving of the admonitory instruction at the guilt-innocence stage was within the sound discretion of the trial court,1 Carter now directs otherwise. However, as stated, Carter still leaves open the issue whether, under the proper circumstances, the failure to give the requested instruction would be harmless error.2
I.
The record before us is more than sufficient to establish appellant‘s guilt. On Tuesday morning, October 4, 1977, Roosevelt Young and his companions heard noises coming from Johnson‘s Lounge in Waco. Young observed appellant walking around in the alley adjoining the lounge and enter the lounge. One of Young‘s companions called the police. Appellant left the scene before the police arrived.
Waco police officers John Taylor and R. D. McCollum arrived approximately thirty minutes later and investigated. The officers discovered the building had been forcibly entered and ransacked. A few items were gathered near the rear door in an ice chest. One of the most significant items was found near the point of the forced entry against the outside rear wall. It was a receipt signed by appellant, dated October 3, 1977, for payment of a misdemeanor fine and court costs. This receipt strongly implied appellant‘s presence at the scene of the offense.
Meanwhile, Young accompanied a private seсurity guard, “Big” Smith, on a patrol of the surrounding neighborhoods. Young and Smith pulled into a local convenience store where appellant was being questioned by other officers. Young immediately identified appellant as the person he saw at Johnson‘s Lounge.
At trial, Rufus Johnson testified that he was the owner of Johnson‘s Lounge. He stated that the lounge was closed on the morning of October 4, 1977. Johnson also stated that he did not know appellant or give appellant permission to enter the building. Finally, Johnson identified a knife taken from the Lounge. Appellant‘s girlfriend testified appellant had given her the knife.
I cannot believe that upon retrial and the giving of the admonitory instruction the jury‘s verdict would be different. The evidence of appellant‘s guilt is more thаn adequate. The prophylactic admonition to not consider appellant‘s silence, in this punishment stage, cannot be of sufficient magnitude to require reversal.
II.
Furthermore, the instruction in issue was previously submitted to the jury in the charge at the guilt-innocence stage. The trial court read that instruction to the jury. The jury was thus admonished that “you cannot and must not refer or allude tо that fact (defendant‘s election not to testify) throughout your deliberations or take it into consideration for any purpose whatsoever as a circumstance against the defendant.” (Emphasis added).
This is clearly distinguishable from Carter, where a complete omission of the requested charge constituted reversible error. Appellant‘s rights, as guaranteed under Carter, were protected. The need for a repeated instruction during the punishment stage is illusory. Indeed, the issue of guilt had been determined. Since Carter seeks to protect the right against self-incrimination, the repetition is questionable when the issue is solely for punishment.3 See, Williams v. State, 607 S.W.2d 577 (Tex.Cr.App.1980). I would find no error in the failure to give the same issue back-to-back in a bifurcated trial.
Finally, the issue of giving the instruction in the past has exposed a unique situation. Attorneys have repeatedly argued that the inclusion of the instruction of appellant‘s failure to testify constituted reversible error. See, e. g., Smith v. State, 455 S.W.2d 748 (Tex.Cr.App.1970) (constituted impermissible comment on the weight of evidence and infringement of privilege against self-incrimination); Hill v. State, 466 S.W.2d 791 (Tex.Cr.App.1971) (comment on exercise of constitutional right to remain silent); Small v. State, 132 Tex.Cr.R. 279, 104 S.W.2d 52 (Tex.Cr.App.1937) (insinuates culpable omission on part of defendant оr conveys impression that he should have testified). Also, see, Rogers v. State, 486 S.W.2d 786 (Tex.Cr.App.1972).
The conflict in views was most aptly stated in State v. Smart, 485 S.W.2d 90, 95 (Mo.1972):
“We must recognize, however, that the instruction is a comment on defendant‘s failure to testify even though it is supposedly for defendant‘s benefit and is designed to keep the jury from speculating on the reasons for his failure to take the stand and drawing improper inferences therefrom. There are those who believe the instruction is more harmful than helpful and regardless of how favorably to the accused the instruction may be worded it may inadvertently cause the jurors to consider certain adverse inferences which would not otherwise have entered their minds.”
Indeed, many states have found similar reasoning persuasive and have held that a trial court may not give such an instruction over the dеfendant‘s objection. State v. Kimball, 176 N.W.2d 864 (Iowa, 1970); Villines v. State, 492 P.2d 343 (Okl.Cr.1971); Mosby v. State, 246 Ark. 963, 440 S.W.2d 230 (1969); State v. White, 285 A.2d 832 (Me.1972); Dooley v. State, 393 N.E.2d 154 (Ind.1979); People v. Lee, 44 Ill.App.3d 43, 2 Ill.Dec. 668, 357 N.E.2d 888 (1976); People v. Yopp, 67 A.D.2d 774, 412 N.Y.S.2d 698 (1979). This Court has refused to take such a rigid stand and holds that such an instruction, even in the face of an objection, is proper. Small v. State, supra; Smith v. State, supra. However, we have admonished the trial courts to not give the instruction if the defendant objects to its inclusion. Hill v. State, supra; Rogers v. State, supra.
Recently, the United States Supreme Court in Lakeside v. Oregon, 435 U.S. 333, 98 S.Ct. 1091, 55 L.Ed.2d 319 (1978), held that the giving, over the defendant‘s objection, of the cautionary instruction that the jury is not to draw any adverse inferencеs from a defendant‘s decision not to testify in his behalf does not violate the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination. Accord, Smith v. State, supra; Hill v. State, supra; Rogers v. State, supra. The import to be drawn from Lakeside is that the Supreme Court recognized the diverse views found not only in the state courts but in the Federal system as well. See Lakeside v. Oregon, supra, 435 U.S. at 336, n. 3, 98 S.Ct. at 1093, n. 3.
In applying these decisions to the facts in this case, the trial judge is confronted with anything but a consistent line of legal theory. It must, in an effort to assure appellant a fair trial, weigh the “pros and cons” of including the second charge.
Here, the cautionary charge had already been presented and read to the jury during the guilt-innocence stage. The trial judge, under the circumstances, may very well feel that another instruction calls undue and unfavorable attention upon appellant‘s failurе to testify. Moreover, because of the admonishments found in Hill and Rogers, the court may feel that it had upheld its statutory duty in giving the initial instruction, thereby striking a reasonable balance between conflicting interests.
I, therefore, would hold that the trial court has the discretionary right in refusing to give the admonitory “failure to testify” instruction during the punishment stage. This case is distinguishable from the situation where a comрlete omission of requested instruction is reversible error. However, even assuming that the court did err in refusing to give the instruction over appel
I dissent to the majority‘s opinion.
W. C. DAVIS, J., joins in dissent.
Notes
The trial court, in the charge given at the punishment phase of the trial, instructed the jury on the range of punishment; the fact the jury was not to concern itself with how long the appellant would be required to serve the sentence the jury assessed; that the time required tо serve the sentence came within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Board of Pardons and Paroles and the Governor and was of no concern to the jurors; that the jury was not to decide the punishment to be assessed by lot or chance; that the foreperson was to sign the verdict; that the jury was the exclusive judge of the facts proved; that the jury would have the charge with them when they deliberated; and, lastly, if requested, exhibits in evidence would be given to the jury while it deliberated. The trial court in the punishment charge actually gave not only identical but different “pattern instructions” to the jury that dealt exclusively with punishment. However, some of these were as applicable to one stage of the trial as the other. See also Paul McClung‘s Jury Charges for Texas Criminal Practice, 1979 Edition, pp. 5-6, 259.
See, Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 100 S.Ct. 1358, 63 L.Ed.2d 622 (1980), where the court was allowed to use a defendant‘s silence and non-cooperation as factors in assessment of punishment.