A Cobb County jury found James Thomas Brown guilty of possession of cocaine, in violation of the Georgia Controlled Substances Act, OCGA § 16-13-30 (a). Brown appeals, challenging the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. For the following reasons, we reverse.
When reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress, this [Cjourt’s responsibility is to ensure that there was a substantial basis for the decision. The evidence is construed most favorably to uphold the findings and judgment, and the trial court’s findings on disputed facts and credibility are adopted unless they are clearly erroneous. Further, since the trial court sits as the trier of fact, its findings are analogous to a jury verdict and will not be disturbed if there is any evidence to support them.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.)
Lambright v. State,
Viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, the record shows the following. On February 2, 2008, an officer responded to a domestic call at an apartment complex in Cobb County that is located in an area known for heavy drug and criminal activity. Around 9:00 p.m., when the officer was returning to his car, he noticed Brown walking through the parking lot. Brown was walking toward the officer, and upon seeing him, dropped his head and started to walk faster away from the officer. The officer thought it was suspicious for Brown to be walking through the parking lot, because he
On appeal, Brown contends that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated because the officer did not have a particularized and objective basis for suspecting that he was engaged in criminal activity when Brown spotted the officer and walked quickly in another direction. Specifically, Brown argues that, under the circumstances, he should have been able to walk away and ignore the officer’s questions and the order to stop.
United States Supreme Court holdings sculpt out, at least theoretically, three tiers of police-citizen encounters: (1) communication between police and citizens involving no coercion or detention and therefore without the compass of the Fourth Amendment, (2) brief seizures that must be supported by reasonable suspicion, and (3) full-scale arrests that must be supported by probable cause. In the first tier, police officers may approach citizens, ask for identification, and freely question the citizen without any basis or belief that the citizen is involved in criminal activity, as long as the officers do not detain the citizen or create the impression that the citizen may not leave. The second tier occurs when the officer actually conducts a brief investigative Terry 2 stop of the citizen. In this level, a police officer, even in the absence of probable cause, may stop persons and detain them briefly, when the officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the persons are involved in criminal activity.
(Citations, punctuation and footnotes omitted.)
Holmes v. State,
In this case, Brown voluntarily stopped to speak with the officer. At that point, their interaction was a first-tier encounter and no articulable suspicion was required. It was permissible for the officer to question Brown because Brown was free to walk away and avoid the encounter.
State v. Harris,
What began as a first-tier encounter escalated into a second-tier stop when the officer told him to remove his hands from his pockets. During a second-tier encounter, a police officer may stop a person and briefly detain him or her if the officer has a “particularized and objective basis for suspecting the [person is] involved in criminal
activity.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.)
State v. Harris,
When the officer told Brown to remove his hands from his pockets, the first-tier encounter escalated into a second-tier encounter involving temporary restraint. Therefore, the continued detention had to be supported by articulable suspicion. Holmes v. State, 252 Ga. App. at 286-288. At the motion to suppress hearing, the officer testified that his articulable suspicion was based on his past experience with Brown, Brown’s presence in the apartment complex when he was not a resident, and the fact that the area was known for its drug and criminal activity. The officer was also concerned because Brown saw him and quickly walked in a direction that was away from his residence. Additionally, the officer noticed that Brown was wearing both a hooded sweatshirt and a jacket, and he believed this to be suspicious.
The above facts, however, when taken together with their rational inferences, do not amount to articulable suspicion of criminal activity because there was no objective manifestation that Brown was either committing, or was about to commit, a crime. None of Brown’s described activities, i.e., walking faster away from the police officer, ignoring the police officer, or being present in an area known for its propensity for drugs and criminal activity, is a crime in and of itself, nor are they enough to make an objective determination that Brown was about to be engaged in criminal activity. See
Holmes v. State,
Furthermore, we note that it is not a crime to cut through a parking lot, to be present in an apartment complex where you do not live, nor to wear both a hooded sweatshirt and a jacket during the month of February. In this case, “no evidence was introduced that such activity violated any local ordinance or other applicable law, or that there was any other basis for the stop.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.)
Smith v. State,
As such, the second-tier encounter between Brown and the officer was unlawful for lack of articulable suspicion and the trial court erred in denying Brown’s motion to suppress evidence garnered from the stop.
Holmes v. State,
Judgment reversed.
Notes
The officer’s testimony about whether Brown stopped voluntarily or whether the officer told Brown to stop is inconsistent throughout the motion to suppress hearing and Brown’s trial. The trial court determined in its order that Brown stopped voluntarily, and this Court is bound by that determination.
Terry v. Ohio,