534 So. 2d 1344 | La. Ct. App. | 1988
Lead Opinion
The defendant, Schwegmann’s Giant Supermarkets, Inc. (“Schwegmann’s”), appeals from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff for injuries sustained as the result of a “slip and fall” accident in a Schweg-
I.
Plaintiff-appellee, George Brown (“Brown”), entered a Schwegmann’s Supermarket on Gentilly Boulevard in New Orleans to look for his wife and daughter, who were shopping. As he entered the store, Brown passed through the “Creole Area”, a concession area where beverages, including a red punch, and food are served. While walking through the Creole area, Brown slipped on some red liquid and fell. Brown sued Schwegmann’s for injuries he sustained as a result of this slip and fall accident.
II.
Schwegmann’s has employees called “porterettes”. The Gentilly store had seven porterettes on duty on the date of the accident. Each porterette is assigned to inspect the floors in a particular area of the store (“a zone”) on a regular basis, and to clean up any observed spills. Vergie Taylor (“Taylor”), a porterette assigned to monitor and clean up “zone 1”, which included the Creole Area, testified that on the day of Brown’s accident she monitored her area from 8:10 a.m. to 5:37 p.m. There is some conflict in the evidence as to what time the accident occurred but no doubt that it occurred during Taylor’s shift. Taylor had a lunch break, but was replaced by another porterette during this time. During her shift Taylor would make continuous and repeated circles through zone 1, which would take a half hour to one hour to complete depending on how many spills she had to clean. Each time Taylor saw a spill, it was her job to sweep or mop it up. Immediately after completing each clean up, Taylor would enter the time and the location of the spill on a “zone sheet”, Defendant’s Exhibit 4. She also entered the procedure performed in each area on that sheet, e.g., sweeping, mopping, etc.
Taylor’s zone sheet for the date of Brown’s accident shows that she swept and/or mopped spills in the Creole Area at 8:29 a.m., 9:20 a.m., 10:29 a.m., 10:50 a.m., 11:20 a.m., 1:08 p.m.
III.
The district court rendered judgment for Brown. In its reasons for judgment, the district court stated:
Defense witnesses included the Schwegmann’s porterette, Virgie Taylor, who described her duties and schedule. Granted the accuracy of her testimony, the dangerous condition nevertheless existed when plaintiff stepped into the area and fell. Hence, the clean-up efforts in that heavily traveled, food and drink vending area, in the Court’s opinion, were not reasonable or adequate under the circumstances.
The district court in effect held that, because a dangerous condition existed when Brown stepped into the Creole Area, Schwegmann’s was negligent. Of course, proof of an accident alone is not proof of negligence. Barcia v. Estate of Keil, 413 So.2d 241, 243 (La.App. 4th Cir.1982).
Brown proved that there was a foreign substance on the floor (red liquid) that caused him to fall and sustain an injury. The burden of proof then shifted to Schwegmann’s to prove that its employees did not cause the hazard, and that it exercised such a degree of care that its employees would have known under most circumstances of a hazard caused by customers. McCardie v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
Taylor’s testimony was believed by the district court. That testimony, along with the zone sheet, convinces us that Schweg-mann’s exercised reasonable care to detect and clean up spills within a reasonable time of their occurrence. It is enough if, as here, there is a system of reasonably frequent floor inspection and prompt clean up upon discovery of spills. Floor inspection and clean up were not done on a random or “as needed” basis.
In holding Schwegmann’s precautions reasonable we find it important that 1) there was a staff of seven porterettes assigned full-time to floor inspection and clean up; 2) a porterette was always on duty in zone 1 with Taylor being replaced when she was on her lunch break; 3) Taylor and the other porterettes were systematically assigned to zones which would ensure that no area of the store would be neglected; and 4) Taylor and the other porterettes swept or mopped any spill as it was found. Of course, a reasonable system of inspection and clean up must not only be adopted; it must also be fully executed. Taylor’s testimony and the zone sheet show that the Schwegmann’s inspection and clean-up system actually was executed.
Our decision today may conflict somewhat with the opinion of the Louisiana Supreme Court in McCardie v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., supra. However, the 4-3 decision in McCardie appeared to deviate from well-settled negligence principles. In reaching its decision that the store was liable for injuries sustained by the plaintiff in a slip-and-fall, the court stated, “the defendant failed to prove that none of its employees caused the spill. Many of the employees who could have caused the spill were not asked to testify. Merely proving adequate clean up procedures is insufficient to prove a spill was not caused by one of the store’s own employees.” This language could be interpreted as placing a burden on the merchant to prove that “none of its employees caused the spill” or that none of its employees “who could have caused the spill” did so. Presumably, this burden could be met only by actually calling these employees as witnesses.
In 1988, the Louisiana Legislature enacted La.R.S. 9:2800.6 to address the liability of a merchant for injuries sustained by a person while on the premises of a merchant. Section C of that statute appears to overrule McCardie and states:
“In exculpating himself from liability under this Subsection, the merchant need not introduce the testimony of every employee of the merchant or any particular proportion thereof, but is only required to introduce the testimony of any employee shown to have actually created*1347 the hazardous condition and those employees and management personnel whose job responsibilities included inspection or cleanup of the area where the accident giving rise to the damages occurred.”
Although La.R.S. 2800.6 is not to be applied retroactively, its enactment supports our belief that the holding in McCardie was a deviation from settled principles of law.
IV.
In sum, this case presents the situation of an accident occurring despite the defendant having exercised reasonable care. Consequently, the judgment of the district court is reversed, and we render judgment for Schwegmann’s dismissing Brown’s action.
REVERSED AND RENDERED.
SCHOTT, J., dissents.
WARD and WILLIAMS, JJ., concur.
. The zone sheet also reflects that the Creole Area was swept at 12:25 p.m. and 1:00 p.m. by "S. Robertson”, Taylor’s lunchtime replacement.
. We are not persuaded that the system adopted by Schwegmann’s was inadequate for the Creole Area because it was a "heavily traveled” food service area. First, there is no evidence that the Creole Area was more heavily traveled than the rest of the store. More importantly, perhaps, there is no evidence that spills were more frequent in the Creole Area than elsewhere. Indeed, defendant’s exhibit 4 shows that no more frequent spills occurred in the Creole Area than elsewhere in zone 1.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
The decision in McCardie v. Wal-Mart Stores, 511 So.2d 1134 (La.1987), recognizes a two-fold burden of a store owner to prove adequate clean up procedures and no responsibility for causing the spill. In proving that defendant is not responsible for causing the spill, the store owner must establish that its employee did not cause the spill. I do not believe that the language in McCardie requires that every store employee must individually testify that he did not cause the spill but rather that the evidence preponderates in favor of concluding that no employee of the store caused the spill.
As outlined by the majority, Schweg-mann presented evidence of the existence and implementation of a reasonable detection and clean up procedure. This procedure, coupled with the fact that the accident occurred in a high traffic, concession area travelled heavily by customers, preponderates in favor of concluding that the negligence of the store owner did not cause the spill.
Unfortunately, the language of McCar-die has led some jurists to conclude that each employee must testify that he did not cause the hazard; however, the legislature has enacted La.R.S. 9:2800.6 regarding the liability of a merchant for injuries to a patron while on the premises. The legislature clarification of the merchant’s burden
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
If the dissent herein is interpreted to require that Schwegmann’s should have made all of its Gentilly store employees testify that they did not cause the spill, I believe that this burden of proof is impractical in any supermarket slip and fall case, and also unjustified in the particular case at issue. It is obvious that a supermarket is simply not going to be able to collect all of the people it employed at the time of the plaintiff’s accident in order for them to testify. Placing such a proof burden on a defendant supermarket, I believe is unreasonable and, as Justice Cole points out in his dissent in McCardie, equivalent to requiring the proof of a negative.
Even if the dissent is interpreted only to require that Schwegmann's should have had “more” of its employees testify, I feel that this burden of proof is so vague as to render it meaningless. Schwegmann’s, or for that matter any defendant supermarket, will never know how many employee’s testimony is enough.
In any event, I believe McCardie is inapplicable in this case because Brown’s accident occurred in an area designed primarily for customers to eat after they had purchased food and drink from a service counter in another area. It is unlikely that employees would be there except of course for the performance of maintenance, and as a consequence, it is extremely unlikely that an employee and not a customer spilled the liquid.
For these reasons, I join Judge Armstrong and Judge Williams to reverse the Trial Court verdict.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I respectfully submit that the majority opinion is in conflict with McCardie v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 511 So.2d 1134 (La.1987) and would affirm the judgment of the trial court.
