26 N.H. 493 | Superior Court of New Hampshire | 1853
We think the ground taken by the defendant is entirely unsound. -He contends that as the plaintiff has declared 'against him as executor, and as the defendant, by pleading the statute of limitations, has admitted that he is executor, he is to be regarded and treated throughout as the rightful executor, and entitled to any defence that
The liability of an executor de son tort is in its nature essentially distinct from that of an executor duly appointed.
It is governed by different rules and subject to different principles. The one is founded on consent and contract, while the other, whatever its form of action, is in substance founded on tort.
By our statutes, the distinction between the two cases is kept up. The powers and duties and liabilities of executors and administrators are prescribed, and limitations are affixed to the rights of action belonging to the estate, and to those existing against it. But it seems to us very clear that generally, and perhaps always, the provisions of these statutes must be understood to apply only to the cases of executors and administrators duly appointed, and that they have no application to the case of executors of their own wrong. Take, for example, the 12th section of chapter 158 of the Revised Statutes. “ No person shall intermeddle
By section 4 of chapter 159, all assets, whether inventoried or not, are to be accounted for, and the executor or administrator is made chargeable with them ; but this cannot apply to executors de son tort, because their liability is expressly limited to double the value of the property inter-meddled with.
Chapter 161 provides that no action shall be sustained against any administrator, if commenced within one year after the original grant of administration, (§ 1); nor unless ihe demand shall have been exhibited to the administrator within two years after the original grant of administration :'(§ 2); nor unless the action is commenced within three
Neither of these provisions, designed for the protection of executors and administrators duly appointed, can apply to the case of executors of their own wrong, generally, because there is no grant of administration to them, nor, ordinarily, to any other person in such cases ; and we must, therefore, understand by the word administrator, (which includes executor, ch. 158, § 1,) an executor or administrator duly appointed by the court of probate, and who has given the security required by the section first quoted. An examination of the other provisions of the 161st chapter will show, that none of them, ordinarily, apply to the case of an executor of his own wrong, and that the Legislature must have designed them to apply only in cases where there was a rightful administration.
An executor of his own wrong, then, cannot protect himself under any of the limitations prescribed by chapter 161, where there has been no legal and rightful administration of the estate.
But as an executor of his own wrong is subjected only to the actions of creditors, and others aggrieved, he has a right to raise the question whether the plaintiff, at the time of bringing his action, was a creditor. If the plaintiff’s right of action has become barred, he has ceased to be a creditor within the meaning of the statute. A claim against the estate of a deceased person, once barred, is cut off entirely, since no person has either power or right to revive it by a new promise, or in any other mode. But if a claim still exists, and has not become finally barred by any statute, if it is capable of being enforced against the estate whenever an ad
The general statute of limitations (Rev. Stat. ch. 181, § 4,) provides that personal actions (except specified cases) shall be brought within six years after the cause of action accrued, and not afterwards. * The present action falls within the classes embraced in this provision; The second plea presents this bar, and if this action were now pending between the original parties to the contracts declared on, it would be a perfect bar, and, if unanswered, it would show that the plaintiff has no right of action.
It is, however, necessary to compare the general provision with that presented in the 7th section of chapter 161, before cited. The provisions of the Revised Statutes are to be construed together, and as it is wholly immaterial in what part of a statute the provisions are found, they are to be construed as if they were found in two successive clauses. Read in this way, the law is stated thus: personal actions (except in certain specified cases) shall be brought within six years after the cause of action accrued, and not after-wards. But if a right of action exist against or in favor of a person deceased, at the time of his death, and survives, an action may be brought by or against his administrator, at any time within two years after the original grant of administration.
Upon this construction it is, to say the least, extremely doubtful whether this second plea is a good bar. The action is against an administrator. Such action may be barred by the operation of the general statute, before the death, or they may be barred by the lapse of two years after a legal grant of administration before the action is brought. To constitute a good defence, it would seem that the plea must allege one or the other of these states of facts. But the plea under consideration does neither. It alleges that
It is not necessary to say more on this point, as no specific objection is made to the plea, and the substantial question discussed by the counsel is designed to be raised by the replication to this plea.
The replication alleges that Morris Leavitt died, within less than six years after he signed the notes declared on, intestate, and no administration was ever granted by the court of probate, nor was there ever any administration on said estate until the defendant, as executor of his own wrong, intermeddled with the personal estate of the deceased within two years next before the commencement of the plaintiff’s action, &c. It thus places upon the record the fact that the deceased died within less than six years after the plaintiff’s fight of action accrued, from which the court are bound, ex officio, to notice that the right of action continued and survived, and that the defendant was not an executor rightfully appointed, but had made himself liable as an executor of his own wrong, so that the defendant could not take advantage of any subsequent lapse of time.
This pleading shows that notwithstanding the facts alleged in the defendant’s plea, the action was still not barred, and this constitutes a perfect answer to the plea in substance, though it may not be free from serious defects of form.
As no exception is taken on this account, these defects are unimportant.
Judgment for the plaintiff.