223 N.E.2d 373 | Ohio Ct. App. | 1967
Plaintiffs, as members of a partnership doing business as General Tool Engineering Company, filed an action on an account in the Common Pleas Court of Franklin County. The petition was a so-called short form pleading as authorized by Section
Defendant, Columbus Stamping Mfg. Co., answered admitting the partnership and its own corporate nature. Further answering, "defendant corporation says that it is not indebted to plaintiff on an account stated and that, in fact, plaintiffs have been overpaid by the defendant corporation * * *." Defendant also filed a cross-petition praying for damages and alleging misrepresentation and breach of warranty.
Preliminary motions were disposed of, other necessary pleadings supplied, and the cause came on for hearing before the trial court, without a jury, and judgment was entered in favor of plaintiffs for the amount prayed for, and the cross-petition of the defendant was dismissed. A motion for a new trial was overruled. It is from the judgment and final order that this appeal is taken on questions of law.
Defendant supports the appeal upon three assignments of error — the trial court erred in overruling defendant's motion to dismiss plaintiffs' petition made at the conclusion of the plaintiffs' case, and, in overruling defendant's motion for a new trial, and for other errors apparent of record.
Very early in the history of the short form pleading, the Common Pleas Court of Cuyahoga County laid down a fundamental rule which is set out by the text writers in 1 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 177, Section 15, and which seems to be the prevailing rule until today. In Beck v. Ball (1878), 1 Cleveland L. Rep. 147, 4 Or. D. Rep. 233, at page 148, the court says:
"We think, if the brief method of Section 122 is to be adopted, there must be a substantial compliance with it. It is laid down by the authorities, clearly we think, that those brief statements and averments are, by force of the statute, made equivalent to an express declaration of a promise to pay and of consideration, or that the material was had at the request of the defendant, and delivered by the plaintiff at his request. All these averments are included in this brief method of pleading; and they are so included by force of the statute, and take the place of the express averments which were always necessary under the old form of pleading. We think there must, therefore, be a substantial compliance with the section, in order *125 to make it have the effect which the statute says it may have."
In order for a petition in the short form to qualify as an acceptable pleading there must be substantial compliance with the provisions of Section
"In an action * * * founded upon an account, * * * it is sufficient for a party to set forth a copy of the account * * *, with all credits * * * thereon, and to state that there is due to him, on such account * * * from the adverse party, a specified sum which he claims, with interest. * * *"
The statute is clear. In an action on an account the party must set forth the "copy of the account." A series of copies of invoices does not constitute an account. The examination of many of the very many decisions applying and interpreting the short form pleading section reveals a variety of points of view, but, however liberal the view, no decision goes so far as to relieve the pleader of the requirement of attaching a formal account and to permit the substitution of a number of uncorrelated slips, papers, or copies of invoices.
There is much abuse of the short form pleading, especially its use when action on an account is involved. Courts have been inclined toward liberality which many times resembles laxity. A part of our confusion arises from an inadequate concept of an account. Some fundamentals must be respected.
One of the best examples of an account capable of use in the short form pleading is found in Ludwig Hommel Co. v.Incorporated Village of Woodsfield (1927),
Courts have approved the use of the short form, on an account, when only one transaction is involved, as found inHerkins v. Perrin (1949), 55 Ohio Law. Abs. 328. A combination of separate and distinct transactions frequently appears in a *126 single account. The account may, therefore, be simple or complex and be regarded as proper. Whatever the basic structure of the account, certain fundamentals should appear.
An account must show the name of the party charged. It begins with a balance, preferably at zero, or with a sum recited that can qualify as an account stated, but at least the balance should be a provable sum. Following the balance, the item or items, dated and identifiable by number or otherwise, representing charges, or debits, and credits, should appear. Summarization is necessary showing a running or developing balance or an arrangement which permits the calculation of the balance claimed to be due.
A copy of a ledger sheet, or an accounts receivable record, will ordinarily meet the requirements of an account. InWilliam Taylor Sons Co. v. Burton (1933),
"* * * The ledger is the first complete, tangible, permanent record of the account, and the ledger sheets are now generally held to be admissible. * * *"
Ledger accounts summarize records taken from books of original entry. Under the "shop book" rule, a ledger sheet, or account, was not admissible in evidence, but more modern practice generally takes the opposite view. A copy of a ledger account attached to a short form petition, and made a part thereof, will generally provide the account required by Section
Plaintiffs' short form petition was faulty. It should have been attacked by motion. It was not. It is not clear whether the claimed account was controverted by the defendant's answer. The answer says that the defendant is "not indebted *127
upon an account stated." No account stated is alleged. See ColeAssociates v. Lockhart (1964),
Perhaps the defendant waived any objection to the plaintiffs' "account" by failing to attack it by motion. The plaintiffs proceeded, however, to prove their case by the introduction of the invoices, the same or copies of those attached to the petition. The invoices do not constitute an account and neither are they admissible as evidence. In the case of C. E. Riley Co.
v. Levy Overall Mfg. Co. (1919),
"Invoices are not evidence of book accounts nor of sales."
Invoices are not books of original entry as required by the "shop book" rule. 21 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 616, Section 596. Varying uses of invoices make them unsatisfactory as evidence. For example, they are frequently only memoranda used to advise of a sale on consignment, a note to an insurance company to secure coverage on a shipment of merchandise, a shipping notice, or other quasi-accounting uses, none of which supports the implications of the short form pleading or the reliability and significance of a book of original entry.
If the petition herein had been adequate and properly controverted by a completely effective answer, the burden would have been upon the plaintiffs to prove all the elements of their cause. Dykeman v. Johnson (1910),
No ledger sheet was introduced into evidence. There was no account pleaded or proved before the trial court. A statement contained in plaintiffs' trial brief filed April 12, 1965, indicates they might have abandoned the account approach. It reads as follows:
"Plaintiff's cause of action having accrued for sales made during 1960 and 1961, it is subject to the provisions of Uniform Sales Act, Sections
Whatever the approach, the evidence produced by the plaintiffs fails completely in support of an action on account, even if well pleaded, or an action in contract for sales made and completed. The court erred in overruling defendant's motion to dismiss the petition of the plaintiffs made at the conclusion of the plaintiffs' case.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause remanded for the amendment of the pleadings and for a new trial.
Judgment reversed.
DUFFY and DUFFEY, JJ., concur. *129