45 N.Y.S. 149 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1897
This action is brought, and- plaintiff has recovered, upon the theory that by the bill of sale from White to him, he succeeded to White’s undivided interest in the property mentioned therein, and that the defendant has converted such interest to his own use. Unless that claim is a correct one this judgment cannot be sustained.
The plaintiff contends that White and the defendant were tenants in common of-the property; that by -the bill of sale and the agreement under which it was given, White in effect mortgaged to him his undivided one-half, and (conceding such mortgage to be a valid one) that defendant had the right to sell only so much thereof as was necessary to pay his debt; that by the sale of the butter, he received from White’s share more than enough to satisfy his claim, and that, therefore, the sale of so much of the butter was not needed
I do not .think that such claim correctly states the interest of White in the property ini question. Under his lease, it was the duty of White to work the farm and,care for all the stock thereon for o.ne year from March 1, 1894. He was not only to sow and plant the crops, but to cultivate', harvest, thresh and market them. So as to the calves, he was to feed and care for them during the year, or until sold. It was because of the performanceof this-work, as well as the general care of the farm, that he became, entitled at the" end of the year1 to his half interest in such property.
In the. early part of July lie abandoned his lease and inoved off of the farm. Thereupon the bill of sale and the. agreement above ■ mentioned was made. Evidently the defendant w;as"willing to recognize White’s interest.in,the property in the condition" in which.it." then was. There was some reason why the labor and expense lie had already put into it should be preserved to White; but there was-no reason, nor equity, why he should continue- to have an interest ■' in the increase of these calves or ' the product of those crops. Defendant must take all the care and do all the rest of the work necessary to perfect them,, and. hence the growth" of such property, was to belong tb-him alone. In- other "words, the bill of sale, and agreement accompanying the sainé does not recognize a continuing cotenancy in the growing calves and crops.. It recognizes a claim on White’s part to a half interest, in the property in the Condition in which it then, was, to. wit: Crops advanced to. a certain' stage, .in the ground, and. calves of-a certain condition and age. That specific property in that, condition both parties recognized as belonging .to White,, but neither party had any idea that thereafter such an . ownership, was to continue in White as would require defendant, to account to him for the grain and potatoes produced or the increased value of the calves.
Assuming then that ■ White’s ..ownership extended • only to the - ■ specific articles mentioned in the bill of. sale, in' the condition in . which.they then were, We may consider him and defendant, as ten- . ants in common of that particular property. We may "also> concede
Defendant sold all of the butter and nine of the calves. A sale of the whole property by the cotenant does not necessarily amount to a conversion of it. It must be a sale which ignores the rights of the cotenant and which is made in opposition to his claim. (Osborn v. Schenck, 83 N. Y. 201.) -Evidently the sale of the butter and calves in this case was not, within the above rule, a conversion of White’s interest therein. It is evident that White intended that defendant should sell it all and account to him for the proceeds. It was left in his hands by White to sell, and is clearly a case of one tenant in common selling the whole with the consent of the other. Hence the sale of tire butter did not amount to a conversion of it. It is claimed that he was not authorized to sell more of the butter than was needed to pay his debt; that his debt was only $88, and that he sold $110 worth of butter belonging to White. But this claim is not sustained by the proofs. White was entitled to 5^- firkins of 100 pounds each,, and each firkin came to $20. The bill of sale to defendant is in consideration of $100. White testified that he could not tell exactly what his debt to defendant was ; that they had never settled their accounts. If the debt was $100, as expressed in the bill of sale, defendant sold no more butter than was necessary, unless he divided a firkin. Under such circumstances, he clearly should not be charged with the conversion of any part of the butter.
As to the nine calves which he sold, it does not appear when he sold them, but evidently it was some time after the bill of sale. They had by growth acquired a value in which White had no interest. They were not in their nature separable in respect to quality or quantity by weight or measure, so that they could be severed and each take his share. Hence, defendant as a tenant in common — even though he had no rights under the bill of sale — did not, by a sale of the whole title, convert White’s interest therein. A sale was necessary in order to divide the property, and it was not made in denial of White’s interests. (Channon v. Lusk, 2 Lans. 211; Lobdell v. Stowell, 37 How. Pr. 88; S. C., 51 N. Y. 70.) The same may be said of the remaining two calves which were not
As to the grain and' potatoes, the" products of the, crops on the ground, in the view which I have taken of .White’s interest therein, it is evident that defendant was under no obligation to divide the same. White had no property in anything more than the growing crops on the ground at the time defendant took them. - Tor the then value of such crops, it is evident that, under .their arrangement, defendant must account,; but it; is equally, evident that •he is not .guilty of a conversion of the- grain and potatoes therefrom, because he refused to. divide them with White’s assignee.
.. I conclude,, therefore, that no conversion of either the butter, the calves or the crops has been proven against defendant.
As to the lumber wagon and bob sleds, they were taken by White himself ; as to the mowing machine, of the value of" twenty-five dollars, it would seem that if defendant had received'his pay for the same from the proceeds of the butter, he should have delivered it tin demand to White or his assignee ; but it is not definitely established, •how much the indebtedness fro'm White to defendant was; and if a conversion of that machine was pi oven; it, falls considerably short-of sustaining the judgment appealed from: ."
There is another feature of the case that tends strongly towards ' the conclusion which I have reached. ' . ■ ■ . ,'
Assume that plaintiff was entitled to the possession of one-half" of the grain,, potatoes and calves,, and to the mowing machine, upon demand, the evidence does not show that any .such demand has been made. The evidence upon that question is substantially as follows :
“ I told him that I had come, to get Ed. White’s interest .in that property." I asked him to figure up and. see what it was.” And,, at another place, witness says: “ I asked him, defendant, for the amount due to White as assigned to E. A. Brown.”. Evidently., the . claim made was, that defendant should settle his account with White ■ and pay oyer any balance found due him. It was not a demand for the grain, or the calves or the butter, "or any part of them ; much less was it a demand for the mowing machine. It was rather .a demand that' defendant keep all'the property and account for arid pay over to.. plaintiff wliat was due to White thereon-.- Defendant’s, refusal to do
Upon the evidence, it is clear that. White had the right to require defendant to account to him for the proceeds of the sale of the butter and the value of the calves and growing crops at the time he left them in his possession; but it does not appear therefrom that defendant has, as against either White or his assignee, been guilty of a conversion of any part thereof.
In the view I have taken of this case, it is not material whether or not the bill of sale was void as against White’s creditors, It certainly evidences a consent on White’s part that defendant should sell the whole interest in the property that was left with him, and beyond that it is not needed to justify defendant’s treatment of the property.
For these reasons the judgment of the County Court and of the Justice’s Court should be reversed, with costs in each court and of this appeal.
All concurred.
Judgment of County Court and of the Justice’s Court reversed, with costs in each court and of this appeal.