21 N.J.L. 267 | N.J. | 1848
Supposing the matters in the introductory part of the three first pleas or avowries of the defendant to be traversable, some of these pleas by the plaintiffs to these avow
But it is not worth while to dwell upon the errors that might be urged under the supposition above mentioned, if it be that the introductory matters of these supposed avowries is not traversable, and the first five of the pleas of the plaintiffs’ demurred to, are therefore bad. A point lias been made by the defendant’s counsel, that the pleas of the defendant are not strictly avowries ; that an avowry, strictly speaking, is confined to the ease of an alleged right to take the property of the plaintiff in replevin ; that they are mere pleas of property in third persons, and that one replication only can therefore be filed to each plea. This point did not escape our attention on the previous argument on the demurrers filed to these pleas
In England, the action of replevin is, in point of fact, almost confined to the case of taking, by way of distress, and in such case the office of the avowry, as appears by the precedents in the books, is ordinarily to make title to the caption of the plaintiffs’ property. Thus, in case of distress for rent, the avowry admits the property to be in the plaintiff, but avoids the injustice of the taking by showing a title by which the taking is jus
In this state, by our own statute, the action lies for goods taken and wrongfully detained, which is a close adoption of the English law. Rev. Laws 212; Rev. Stat. 116. A diligent search among such authorities as were within my reach has not been entirely satisfactory, but cases are to be found in which an avowry is spoken of in a wider sense than as defined by 'the defendants’ counsel. Thus in 1 Lev. 90, cited Com. Dig. “ Pleader” (3 K. 12), it is said : “ The defendant may make conusance for that the property is in another.” In Loveday v. Mitchell, Comyns 247, the defendant avowed the taking his own goods and prayed a return. In this casé the court held, contrary to what I suppose to be now the settled doctrine,
In Winnard v. Foster, 2 Lut. 1190, will be found the pleadings in a case very like the one before the court. The case was replevin by Winnard for a heifer and a stack of hay. Foster, one of the defendants, made cognizance as one of the bailiffs of the Sheriff of York, that they were the property of one Nathaniel Day, and that one Dawson another defendant brought a plaint in the county court against Day for a debt of £14 — that a precept was issued and delivered to the defendant, Foster, to summon said Day to appear at Court — that he did not appear, whereupon process issued to attach him by his goods and chattels, by virtue of which precept the defendant, Foster, seized the heifer and hay as the proper goods of the said Day, and prayed a return. To this cognizance the plaintiff pleaded in bar that he was possessed of the heifer and hay asj}f his own goods, with a traverse that Day was the owner of them. Foster replied that the heifer and hay were the property of Day, and upon this issue was joined. The verdict of the jury was that Day was the owner of the heifer, and Winnard the owner of the hay, and both the plaintiff and the defendant, by the judgment of the court, recovered damages and costs against each other The case is cited by Mr. Sumner in a learned article in the
The dearth of authority in the English books directly applicable, may perhaps have arisen from the fact that the English courts have restrained this action by attaching parties for contempt, who have attempted to interrupt their process of execution by suing out writs of replevin. It has been generally held that replevin will not lie for goods taken in execution, and by a misapprehension of the rule it has been thought to extend to the case of a third person, not the defendant in the process, whose goods have been wrongfully seized ; although the officer in such case is clearly a mere trespasser, and liable as such to the person injured. Yet the reason given for the rule by a leading authority, applies only to replevin when brought by the defendant in execution. “ It would,” says Gilbert (p. 122, Ed. 1792), “ be troubling the execution awarded, if the party on whom the money was to be levied, should fetch back tbé goods by a replevin.” There is, however, much good sense in the remark made arguendo in a late case (George v. Chambers, 11 M. & W. 157), that independent of the restraint in the use of the writ, exercised by the courts in attaching for contempt, the objection does not seem to be so much to the form of the action as to its maintenance: that it may be said that replevin will not lie, because the judgment and execution under which the defendant justifies, are conclusive.
But whatever difficulties may elsewhere have been felt in this country, the right of a third person, not the defendant in the process to bring replevin, is well established. Pleas similar to those of the defendant in the present instance are therefore to be found, and have been sustained as sufficient. It is, however, somewhat remarkable, that although such pleas have been
There is an obvious and substantial difference between the eases, where the defendant, an officer holding process, justifies or avows under that process, as taking the goods of the plaintiff in replevin, and where the process is against a third person, not the plaintiff in replevin. If of the plaintiff in replevin, it will be readily seen that the avowant should show valid process, and lawful proceedings on his part under that process; for he is justified only upon the special authority to be found in his writ. The plaintiff in replevin in such case may deny the writ by nul tiel record; or admitting the writ, he may traverse the matter of mere fact alleged in the plea or avowry. If the plaintiff in reolevin, being the defendant in execution, can sum
The introductory matter of the defendant’s pleas, pleaded by way of an avowry, considered simply as inducement to the traverse, seems to be sufficient. Such matter considered as mere inducement to the special traverse, must still be such, as if true, will defeat the title of the plaintiffs. The necessity or expediency of setting forth thus specially the authority of the defendant, is not now before the court. When necessary for the defendant to shew his writ in evidence, it will probably be expedient for him to set it out in his pleading. The case of a sale by defendant in attachment to the plaintiff in replevin, valid between the parties, but void as against creditors, perhaps might be suggested as an instance.
The sixth plea (or replication) to each of the supposed avowries of the defendant is also demurred to, but it is in the usual form and sufficient.
The Chief Justice, and Justices Whitehead and Ran- . dolph concurred.
Demurrer to the first five pleas sustained; that to sixth plea overruled.
Cited in Chambers v. Hunt, 2 Zab. 557.
Ante p. 46.
D. Per Hornblower, C. J. 3 Harr. 345. It is said to be a rule, that when anything is pleaded specially by a defendant directly contrary to the matter in the declaration, such plea is not good without a traverse* but the error is waived by pleading over. Bao. Abr. Pleas (H. 1.)
In replevin, plea property in the defendant; replication that the property was not in the defendant, but in the plaintiff. Held, that under this issue the burthen of the proof lies on the plaintiff, who must shew an exclusive right of possession in himself at the time of the commencement of the action.
That the gist of the issue is property in the plaintiff, or not — and that the defendant having traversed the title of the plaintiff) is not bound to prove at the trial the affirmative part or inducement of his plea, but may rebut the proof offered by the plaintiff.
That the defendant might show that he and the plaintiff were joint owners, in order to rebut the exclusive possession of the plaintiff. Hunt v. Chambers, 6 Pa. Law Jour. 83.