51 A.2d 292 | Md. | 1947
Ella S. Brown brought an action for personal injuries sustained on July 10, 1945, when she was struck by a passing automobile after alighting from a bus on Loch Raven Boulevard near its intersection with Marble Hall Road in Baltimore City. The declaration alleged that the automobile was owned by James L. Reid and operated by William D. Cowman in the course of his employment by Bendix Radio Division of Bendix Aviation Corporation. General issue pleas were filed by each of the defendants. The case came to trial in the Baltimore City Court, before the court and a jury, on June 7, 1946.
After counsel for the plaintiff had produced testimony and closed his case, counsel for the defendants offered motions for directed verdicts, on the grounds that there was no evidence legally sufficient to show negligence, and that the uncontradicted evidence showed that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence. The court excused the jury, and stated that he was prepared to take the case from the jury on the ground that there was no evidence to prove "what car struck the plaintiff or who drove it." Thereupon counsel for the plaintiff stated that the driver of the automobile causing the injury was still in court, and requested that he be allowed to reopen the case and recall him to the stand for the purpose of asking him only one question, i.e., whether the automobile he was driving at the time of the accident was the automobile that struck the plaintiff. The court declined the request, and silenced the protests of plaintiff's counsel by remarks which are characterized in the appellant's brief as "brusque" and "undignified." The court then recalled the jury and directed a verdict for the defendants, "because we don't know what car hit that *616 woman." The court denied a motion for a new trial a few days later.
The sole contention of the appellant is that the court's action was arbitrary and an abuse of discretion, and that the judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted to afford an opportunity to supply the alleged defect in the proof. The appellees, on the other hand, contend (1) that the court's ruling was discretionary and not appealable, and (2) that even if the ruling was erroneous, it was not prejudicial because the evidence required a directed verdict, even if the proposed question had been put and answered in the affirmative.
We need not dwell upon the charge of rudeness to the plaintiff's counsel. Regardless of provocation, heated altercations between the court and counsel are unfortunate and can hardly be condoned but in this appeal we are concerned only with the possible effect upon the rights of the litigants, not with matters of propriety. The alleged remarks were made out of the presence of the jury. Compare Western Maryland Dairy Corp.v. Brown,
In passing upon the granting of the motion for directed verdict, this Court is not restricted to a review of the reasons assigned for the ruling. Friend v. Hammill,
Loch Raven Boulevard runs approximately north and south at the scene of the accident, and is a dual highway with a grass plot in the center. The traffic lanes are 24 feet wide. Marble Hall Road, a highway 50 feet wide, intersects the boulevard on the west side, but does not extend to the east. At about 10 A.M. on a clear day, July 10, 1945, the plaintiff alighted from the front entrance *617 of a bus of the Baltimore Transit Company, which had stopped at the east curb in the northbound traffic lane, at the regular bus stop, marked by a sign on the curb. About twelve other passengers alighted from the front and center doors. The plaintiff stepped on the sidewalk and went in front of the bus, intending to cross the boulevard to the southwest corner of the intersection, occupied by an apartment house where she was employed, "directly opposite" from the place she got off. She was about two-thirds of the way across the northbound lane when she was struck by a northbound automobile proceeding past the bus, which remained standing at the east curb.
William D. Cowman, called by the plaintiff, testified that he was employed by Bendix Aviation Corporation on July 10, 1945. He reported for duty at the Towson plant around 8 A.M.; at 10 A.M. he was "proceeding north on Loch Raven Boulevard * * * to return an article which I had picked up at the stadium earlier that morning"; he had been sent to the stadium by his "supervisory officer," James L. Reid, earlier that morning; that it was "company business," Mr. Reid "asked him to do it on the company's business, not for him personally."
The plaintiff testified that she "stepped off the bus onto the pavement, and I looked to the left to see if anything was coming, and then as I started across, I got a little beyond the bus, and then is when I couldn't get out of the way of the car"; that she "had taken three or four steps past the corner of the bus," when she was struck; that "at the edge of the bus, that's the second time I looked," that she couldn't "recall seeing the machine" as she got to "the edge." She sustained a fractured humerus, bruises and contusions.
William P. Pittinger, the bus driver, called by the plaintiff, testified that he stopped the bus at the curb by the bus stop sign. He heard a horn blow, looked in his rear-vision mirror, and saw a car coming at the left rear end of his bus. At that instant, he saw the plaintiff step off the curb and run in front of the bus. He put his hand out the window to try to warn the driver, and yelled *618 to the plaintiff "wait, wait," when he saw her "dash down off the curb and start to run." He tried to "warn her" but she "ran out in front of it," and "it all happened at once." He was the first one to get to the place where the plaintiff was lying, about the middle of Marble Hall Road, after the accident.
Jefferson McCullum, a passenger on the bus, got off at the center door. He heard the squeal of brakes and saw the plaintiff "tossed"; she "rolled * * * something like 10 or 12 feet." The car stopped "up against the curb, near the grass." He took the license number of the car, but was not asked what the number was, or to identify the driver.
This is all the evidence bearing upon the issues of negligence or contributory negligence. Upon the first point, there is evidence that the automobile driver blew his horn, and no evidence that he was driving fast, or was inattentive. But on the other hand it is undisputed that he failed to stop or yield the right of way to the plaintiff. Section 181 of Article 66 1/2 of the Code, as codified by Chapter 1007 of the Acts of 1943, provides:
"(Pedestrians' Right-of-Way at Crosswalks.) (a) All pedestrians shall have the right-of-way at street crossings in the towns and cities of this State, except where traffic is controlled at such crossings by traffic officers, or traffic control devices. Between street crossings in such towns and cities, vehicles shall have the right-of-way. (b) Whenever any vehicle is stopped at a marked crosswalk or at any unmarked crosswalk at any intersection to permit a pedestrian to cross the roadway the driver of any other vehicle approaching from the rear shall not overtake and pass such stopped vehicle." Section 181 (a) was contained in the preceding Motor Vehicle Law, Art. 56, § 235, 56, § 1939 Code. Section 181 (b) was a new provision in 1943. Compare Section 38 of the Uniform Act Regulating Traffic on Highways.
The fact that Marble Hall Road does not cross Loch Raven Boulevard does not make it any the less a street crossing or intersection. Vizzini v. Dopkin,
Upon the issue of contributory negligence, there was evidence from which a jury might have found the plaintiff guilty of negligence. When she looked to her left before leaving the curb, she would have had a view of distant traffic, but not of traffic behind the bus. When she looked again at the left front of the bus, if she did, the automobile was indubitably there, and her testimony that she did not see it is not worthy of credence. Helms' Case, Baltimore Traction Co. v. Helms,
But the concepts of negligence and contributory negligence are essentially relative, and it is only where the minds of reasonable men cannot differ that the court is justified in deciding the question as a matter of law. Even before the recent amendment of the statute, this *620
Court has held in a long line of cases that where the pedestrian has the right-of-way, contributory negligence is a matter for the jury to consider. Brown v. Patterson,
This brings us to the ultimate question in the case. The Maryland cases seem to hold that it is entirely within the discretion of the trial court whether a case may be reopened to permit additional testimony, and "from its action in granting or rejecting the application no appeal will lie." Poe, Practice,
5th Ed., Sec. 288A, and cases cited. In East Baltimore TransferCo. v. Goeb,
In the view we take of the instant case, it is unnecessary to decide whether the rule of discretion could admit of any exception, because we think there was enough in the case to require its submission to the jury. The declaration alleged that Reid was the owner of the car involved in the accident, and that Cowman was driving it on the business of Bendix. In Finney v.Frevel,
In addition to the presumptions raised by the pleadings, Cowman testified that he was "proceeding" north on Loch Raven Boulevard at the time of the accident, taking an "article" to the Bendix plant, upon the business of Bendix, and upon the express order of his superior, Reid, the admitted owner of the car. We think it may be inferred from the pleadings and testimony that Reid's car struck the plaintiff, and that Cowman was operating it, at Reid's direction, upon the business of Bendix. There was no real issue in the case as to whether Cowman was driving the car that struck the plaintiff. There was no testimony that any other automobile was present at the scene of the accident. Neither in the court below, nor in this Court, did the defendant suggest that issue as one of their defenses. The record shows that at the beginning of the trial an opening statement was made on behalf of Cowman and Reid. Unfortunately, this statement is not in the record, and we cannot speculate as to whether the fact was admitted, but it is significant that the motions for directed verdicts, required by the Rules of Practice and Procedure, Part 3, Subd. III, Trials, Rule 4, to "state the grounds therefor," did not specify this as one of the grounds, and we think it may properly be treated as a concessum in the in the case.
Judgment reversed as to Bendix and Cowman, with costs, and newtrial awarded; judgment affirmed as to Reid, with costs. *623