Phillip Brown, administrator of Frank Brown, deceased, brought an action on the case against the town of Guyandotte in the Circuit Court of Cabell county to recover damages for injury to Frank Brown while confined in the lock-up of that town, caused by the burning of the jail, from which injury Brown died. The defendant’s demurrer to the declaration was sustained, and judgment
The declaration alleged, in substance, that the town had a jail or lock-up, wherein it was accustomed to coniine persons arrested and convicted of offences against the town ; that Trank Brown was arrested by the marshal of the town, and placed in said jail, and confined therein by authority of the town, and that it thus became its duty to use all due and reasonable' care and diligence to safely keep said Brown while so in custody; yet the defendant, not regarding its duty, did not use reasonable and proper means, care, and diligence to safely keep said Brown, but wholly, wrongfully, negligently, and injuriously failed to do so, and wrongfully, wilfully, and negligently suffered, permitted, and caused said jail to be destroyed by fire, whereby Brown was unable to get out by reason of his weak condition from the effect of a blow on the head, and was so badly burnt that he died.
The cases upon the subject of the liability of cities and towns in tort for the wrongful acts and negligence of their officers are numerous, the field of their discussion wide, and they draw nice distinctions. These nmnicipa lcorpor-ations, unlike private ones, are organized, not for gain, but for the public weal, as important instrumentalities in government, and they are supported by the taxation of their people, and should not be made liable for the acts of tlieir officers, done in performance of purely governmental powers for the benefit of the public, and not their private benefit; for otherwise it would be impossible to say where their liabilities would end, or how onerous would be the burden laid upon those who sustain their existence. It seems to be well settled that they are not liable by implication for such acts done in their’public capacity, as governing agencies, in the discharge of duties for the public or general (not corporate) benefit. Dill. Mun. Corp. § 966.
Shearman and Redfield, in their work on the Law of Negligence, § 253; very well state the rule as follows : “The governmental powers of the state are further exercised by a great number of municipal and quasi municipal organizations, such as cities, towns, counties, and boards, to which,
This principle is fully recognized in the case of Mendel v. Wheeling, 28 W. Va. 245, in the able opinion in which, delivered by President Johnson, very many cases bearing-on various phases of this subject are cited and commented upon.
I think the duty and function of keeping a jail and confining therein offenders against the municipal ordinances of a town are plainly purely governmental in character, and fall within the rule just stated. The declaration does not tell us to the negligence or act of what officer of the town the burning is chargeable. It says the towu “suffered and permitted and caused the said jail or lock-up to be destroyed by fire.” The question arising on demurrer, it might occur to the mind that the act of expressly causing the burning may have been, not that of a subordinate officer or the keeper of the jail, but by the chief officer, or even by order of its council; but such a criminal act would be ultra víren, not within the corporate powers conferred by
In Richmond v. Long, 17 Graft 375, the city of Richmond was held not liable for loss of a slave admitted as a smallpox patient into the city hospital because of the negligence of its agents there allowing him to escape and freeze. The case was decided on principles above stated, and contains a valuable discussion of the subject. Its principle was approved by the Missouri court in Murtaugh v. St. Louis, 44 Mo. 479, holding that city not liable to a non-paying patient at its hospital for injuries resulting from negligence and misfeasance of the officers and servants of the institution.
In Dargan v. Mayor, 31 Ala. 469, and Stewart v. City of New Orleans, 9 La. Ann. 461, cities were held exempt from damages for slaves killed by police officers. In Harman v. Lynchburg, 33 Gratt. 37, that city was held not liable for property destroyed by police without orders from governing power of the city. In Prather v. City, 13 B. Mon. 559, city officers were held quasi civil officers of government, and, though they might be liable for malfeasance or non-feasance, the city is liable for neither. In Mendel v. Wheeling, supra, this Court refused to hold the city of Wheeling liable for loss of a factory by fire by reason of an insufficient supply of water from its water-works caused by negligence of its agent, though it owned such works and received pay for water supplied by them.
Being of opinion that the town of Guyandotte is not liable on the case made by the declaration, we affirm the judgment.
Aeeirmed.