64 Ala. 210 | Ala. | 1879
Proceeding upon the general principle, that all persons materially interested, either legally or "beneficially, in the subject-matter of suit, must be made parties, either as plaintiffs or defendants, when, in a court of equity, the cause or subject of controversy is a legal chose in action which has been assigned, the assignor, if the legal title remains in him, or if the assignment is not absolute and unconditional, or if its extent or validity is disputed, must be made a party, that he may be bouud by the decree, and future litigation or a multiplicity of suits prevented. — 1 Dan. Ch. Pr. 198; Story’s Eq. PI. § 153. In any case, he is a proper party, because of his connection with the subject-matter of suit, and the privity of contract existing between him and the assignee, and the party bound by the chose in action. With his consent, he may be joined as a complainant with the assignee, or, at the election of the latter, made a party defendant. — Blevins v. Buck, 26 Ala. 292; 1 Dan. Ch. Pr. 200; Thompson v. McDonald, 2 Dev. & Bat. Eq. 476; Wilson v. Davidson, 3 Tenn. Ch. 546. If the assignment is not admitted, proof of it is material to maintain the right of the assignee to relief; and when the assignor is joined as a complainant, the admission of record obviates the necessity of making proof of the assignment, or of any of the facts or circumstances which may have attended it.
The assignment may pass to the assignee the entire beneficial interest, entitling him to all the relief which is prayed, or the court may grant. The rule is of general application, as is insisted by the counsel for the appellant Broughton, that if there be several complainants in a bill, some of whom have an interest, and are entitled to sue, while others are without an interest, or are barred of all right to relief, the misjoinder is fatal. The rule is not applied, when assignor and assignee join as complainants ; nor is it capable of application when, as in the present case, the legal title resides
If, by the terms of the contract, the making of the title to Broughton, and the payment by him of the purchase-money, were to be simultaneous, it must be admitted, that McCall could not maintain any suit at lawr, or in equity, upon the contract, unless he had performed, or was in readiness to perform, his part of the contract; and, according to some authorities, have given Broughton notice of his ability and readiness to perform, demanding performance from him. But is this the character of the contract into which the parties entered ? The inquiry must, be answered from the writing, and from that only, so far as it is clear and unambiguous in its terms : that is the sole expositor, the only criterion, of the intention of the parties. — 1 Chit. Con. 140-141. Eor more than a'year, these parties permitted this contract to remain in parol, and then deliberately reduced it to writing, joining in its execution, and calliug witnesses to attest it. No fraud, nor mistake, is imputed to either the one or the other, in the drawing or execution of the writing; and the conclusive legal presumption attaches, that all previous verbal stipulations are merged in the writing; or, if these are inconsistent with the writing, that they were intended to be superseded by the stipulations found in the writing. — 1 Brick. Dig. 865, §§ 866-870.
Whether promises or covenants are dependent or independent — whether performance, or readiness to perform, upon either side, must be concurrent, or is a condition precedent to the right of the other to enforce performance — is a question of frequent occurrence, and has been the matter of much discussion. There are rules recognized as useful, and applied in determining the intention of the parties— whether they intended-the covenants or promises should be dependent or independent. One of these, laid down by Sergeant Williams in his note to Pordage v. Cole (1 Wm. Saund. 481), is, that “if a day be appointed fpr payment of money, or part of it, or for doing any other act, and the day is to happen, or may happen, before the thing which is the consideration of the money, or other act, is to be performed; an action may be brought for the money, or for not doing such other act, before performance; for it appears that the party relied upon his remedy, and did not intend to make tbe performance a condition precedent; and so it is where no time is fixed for the performance of that which is the consideration of the money or other act.” An example of the application of the rule is given in the note : “ where articles of agreement were made between A. and B., and a covenant by A. that, for the consideration thereafter expressed, he should convey certain lands to B. in fee ; and B,, on his part, for the consideration aforesaid, covenanted to pay a sum of money to A.; it was held, that these were independent covenants, and A. might bring an action for the money before any conveyance of the lands.” This rule has been often recognized, and made the basis of decision in this court — Jones v. Somerville, supra; Ledyard v. Manning, 1 Ala. 153; Whitehurst v. Boyd, 8 Ala. 375; McKleroy v. Tulane, 34 Ala. 78.
An application of the rule to this contract, renders it certain that the payment of the purchase-money by Broughton was intended to precede, and was not dependent upon, the making of titles to him by McCall. A day certain' — the first of January, 1861 — is fixed for the payment of the purchase-money. No time is fixed for the making of titles — McCall is to make them, when, under the contract with his vendors, referred to in this contract, he shall have obtained them. Under that contract, McCall could not obtain title until he
The result is, the decree on the appeal taken by Broughton must be affirmed. On the appeal taken by Mitchell and others, the decree must be reversed, and a decree here rendered in accordance with this opinion.