167 F.2d 330 | 2d Cir. | 1948
1. Since appellee’s claim for payment under a 'mistake o.f law is based on the theory that, under § 237 of the Military Law as it stood prior to March 29, 1944, it was under no obligation to pay tolls for army vehicles, it is first necessary to determine whether that section applied to appellant’s ferry. Appellant claims that it is not governed by § 237, but only by § 33-a of the Public Service Law. We believe, however, that appellant was in fact governed by both statutes, and that the latter statute did not change the applicability of the former to appellant’s ferry. Repeals by implication are not favored; a legislative intention to repeal by implication will be presumed only where there is an unavoidable inconsistency between the statutes.
2. Appellant argues nevertheless that, because of the nature of the franchise which it accepted, it cannot be bound by section 237 of the Military Law. The substance of its argument is that a ferry franchise under New York law is real property, an incorporeal hereditament, which had vested in the City of New York prior to the passage of § 237, and which could not be legislatively divested. According to this argument, since the state had ab ready granted the franchise to the City, it could not later impose upon that grant the condition of carrying soldiers free in wartime, so that such a subsequent condition could have no effect as against the
If the New York legislature could validly impose § 237 as a condition of the ferry franchise owned by the City of New York, then that section was binding on appellant, for appellant’s agreement was made subsequent to the passage of that section and would be deemed to have incorporated it.
So far as the federal constitution is concerned, there can be no objection by a city to a state law like the one in question. The Supreme Court has held that, “A municipal corporation, created by a state for the better ordering of government, has no privileges or immunities under the Federal Constitution which it -may invoke in opposition to the will of its creator,”
Considering now the state constitution, we find that even the oldest New York cases, characterizing city ferry-franchises as “property,” qualified their holdings by statements that the legislature retained some measure of control over the ferries. “It still may regulate the conduct of the ferry for the public good and control the tolls to be charged.”
3. To the general rule barring recovery of payments made under a “mistake of law,” recovery of payments thus made by United States government officers constitute a well-known exception.
4. We think, however, that the instant case was not properly disposed of by summary judgment. Under § 237, appellant was required to carry free only those vehicles of the United States armed forces the drivers of which presented themselves in uniform or with certificates of membership in the armed forces of the United ‘States. When tickets were purchased for army installations, some may have been distributed for use on occasions when the conditions of § 237 were not met, e.g., when an army vehicle was driven by a civilian. Appelleé is entitled to defend or recover on its counterclaim only for those tickets used when drivers actually complied with the conditions of the section. As appellant raised and did not waive this issue of fact, it must be tried. On this sole ground, we reverse and remand.
Davis v. Supreme Lodge, Knights of Honor, 165 N.Y. 159, 166, 58 N.E. 891; Bush v. Delaware, L. & W. Ry., 166 N. Y. 210, 219, 59 N.E. 838; Matter of Tiffany, 179 N.Y. 455. 457, 72 N.E. 512; People v. Dwyer, 215 N.Y. 46, 51, 109 N.E. 103; Of. Peterson v. Martino, 210 N.Y. 412, 418, 104 N.E. 916.
Board of Education v. Rogers, 278 N. Y. 66, 71,15 N.E.2d 401.
People ex rel. City of New York v. Nixon, 229 N.Y. 356, 361, 128 N.E. 245.
Benson v. Mayor, etc. of New York, 10 Barb. 223, 240, 242; Mayor, etc. of New York v. Starin, 106 N.Y. 1,11, 12 N. E. 631; City of New York v. New Jersey & S. I. Ferry Co., 92 Misc. 40, 41, 155 N. Y.S. 937; affirmed 173 App.Div. 496, 159 N.Y.S. 434; Matter of Wheeler, 62 Misc. 37, 43, 115 N.Y.S. 605; affirmed 137 App: Div. 894, 121 N.Y.S. 1143; Cf. Louisville, etc. Ferry Co. v. Kentucky, 188 U.S. 385, 395, 23 S.Ct. 463, 47 L.Ed. 513.
Williams v. Mayor, etc. of Baltimore, 289 U.S. 36, 40, 53 S.Ct. 431, 432, 77 L. Ed. 1015;
Trenton v. New Jersey, 262 U.S. 182, 187, 43 S.Ct. 534, 537, 67 L.Ed., 937, 29 A.L.R. 1471;
Mayor, etc. of New York v. Starin, 106 N.Y. 1, 15, 16, 12 N.E. 631, 635; cf. Benson v. Mayor, etc. of New York, 10 Barb., 223, 245; East Hartford v. Hartford Bridge Co., 10 How. 511, 534, 13 L. Ed. 518;
Lake Shore & M. S. R. Co. v. Smith, 173 U.S. 684, 19 S.Ct. 565, 43 L.E'd. 858.
Beardsley, v. New York, L. E. & W. R. Co., 162 N.Y. 230, 56 N.E. 488.
Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Towers, 245 U.S. 6, 38 S.Ct. 2, 62 L.Ed. 117 L.R.A. 1918C, 475; Cf. People ex rel. New York, N. H. & H. R. Co. v. Public Service Commission; 159 App.Div. 531, 145
The New York courts have held that the rates contained in a franchise to a private service corporation are within the state’s “police power” and may be modified without impairing the obligation of a contract within the provisions of the constitution. People ex- rel. Village of South Glens Falls v. Public Service Commission, 225 N.Y. 216, 121 N.E. 777; Mayor, etc. of New York v. Twenty-third St. R. Co., 113 N.Y. 311, 21 N.E. 60.
United States v. Wurts, 303 U.S. 414, 58 S.Ct. 637, 82 L.Ed. 932; Wisconsin Cent. R. Co. v. United States, 164 U.S. 190, 212, 17 S.Ct. 45, 41 L.Ed. 399; Cabel v. United States, 1 Cir., 113 F.2d 998, 1000; United States v. Bentley, 2 Cir., 107 F.2d 382; Leonard v. Gage, 4 Cir., 94 F.2d 19, 24, certiorari denied 303 U.S. 653, 58 S.Ct. 752, 82 L.Ed. 1113; Heidt v. United States, 5 Cir., 56 F.2d 559, 560, cert. den. 287 U.S. 601, 53 S. Ct. 8, 77 L.Ed. 523. Cf. § 112-f, N.Y. Civ.Practice Act.
Wisconsin Cent. R. Co. v. United States, 164 U.S. 190, 212, 17 S.Ct. 45, 41 L.Ed. 399, held in favor of a recovery ’of money paid for transportation of mail at excessive rates, though the mail was in fact transported; in Heidt v. United States, 5 Cir., 56 F.2d 559, 560, cert. den. 287 U.S. 601, 53 S.Ct. 8, 77 L.Ed. 523, recovery was permitted of money overpaid an army officer, though he had been serving on active duty."