128 U.S. 236 | SCOTUS | 1888
BRODNAX
v.
ÆTNA INSURANCE COMPANY.
Supreme Court of United States.
*239 Mr. W.W. Montgomery for appellants.
*240 Mr. Joseph Ganahl for appellee.
Supposing the power to exist, and to have been properly exercised so far as the instrument is concerned, I submit that such a power contained in any instrument settling property upon a married woman is, by the laws of Georgia, void. She must leave her husband, whom she would most desire to help, to struggle with his creditors as best he can; the law, dreading his influence over her, puts her under disability for her own protection. The language of § 1783 of the code is as follows; "The wife is a feme sole as to her separate estate, unless controlled by the settlement. Every restriction upon her power in it must be complied with; but while the wife may contract, she cannot bind her separate estate by any contract of suretyship, nor by any assumption of the debts of her husband; and any sale of her separate estate, made to a creditor of her husband in extinguishment of his debts, shall be absolutely void." Sutton v. Aiken, Trustee, 62 Georgia, 733, 740; Klink v. Boland, 72 Georgia, 485; Capital Bank of Macon v. Rutherford, 70 Georgia, 57; Campbell and Jones v. Murray, 62 Georgia, 86.
Money of the wife used by the husband to pay his debt to a creditor knowing it was the wife's money, can be recovered by the wife. Chappell v. Boyd, 61 Georgia, 662; Maddox v. Oxford, 70 Georgia, 179.
If property of the wife be sold partly to pay her debt, and partly to pay a debt of her husband, the sale is void if the property sold is not severable. Campbell v. Trunnell, 67 Georgia, 518.
If the instrument contains the power contended for by the appellee, the power so attempted to be conferred is void. Code, § 2661, reads: "Impossible, illegal or immoral conditions are void, and do not invalidate a perfect gift." Ib. § 2296, reads: "A condition repugnant to the estate granted is void; so are conditions to do impossible or illegal acts, or which in themselves are contrary to the policy of the law." Code, § 2723, reads: "Impossible, immoral and illegal conditions are void, and are binding upon no one." A wife cannot ratify the act of her husband in using her money to pay his debt. Chappell v. Boyd, 61 Georgia, 662.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE FULLER, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the court.
If Mrs. Brodnax had the power under the deed of June 11, 1866, to direct the execution of the mortgages to secure her husband's debts, then the decree must be affirmed.
The objections of counsel to the maintenance of the decree, other than upon the question of power, do not appear to us to require serious consideration.
As the evidence stands, no case of duress which could be availed of was made out in respect to the mortgage to the insurance company, nor is there any ground for the contention that the company took the note in compounding a felony.
There was no issue in the case as to whether Brodnax was living or not, and questions as to dower and the statutory support for a decedent's widow did not arise. No evidence was adduced to establish the death of Brodnax, and the averment of the bill in reference to his absence was made diverso intuitu, and not with the view of setting up his death by way of presumption, and seeking relief predicated thereon. Nor could the decree awarding alimony in 1869 operate to defeat a decree of foreclosure upon valid mortgages competently executed, or directed to be executed, by her in 1866 and 1867.
The real inquiry is, whether, under the laws of Georgia, Mrs. Brodnax could pledge the estate granted for her husband's debts.
The rule in Georgia prior to the adoption of the code, as to the power of a married woman to dispose of her separate estate, is thus stated in Dallas v. Heard, 32 Georgia, 604, 606: "Whenever property is secured to a feme covert to her sole and separate use, without qualification, limitations, or restrictions as to its use and enjoyment, she is to be regarded in respect to such estate, in all respects, as a feme sole, and it is chargeable and bound for the payment of all debts contracted by her that may be secured by promissory note, or other *241 undertaking in writing, to pay the same, whether said note is given by her alone, or jointly with others; she being the sole and exclusive owner of the property, she holds it with all the incidents of property the right of selling, giving, or charging it with the payment of debts."
In Clark v. Valentino, 41 Georgia, 143, 147, the court approving of the language just quoted, says by Brown C.J.: "But it is insisted that this court has laid down a different rule as to the ability of the wife to bind her separate estate for the payment of the debts of her husband, in Kempton v. Hallowell and Company, 24 Georgia, 52; Hicks, Trustee v. Johnson, 24 Georgia, 194; and in Keaton v. Scott, 25 Georgia, 652. I think not. In all these cases the property was given and secured to the wife by deed or will, and it was expressly provided in the instrument, that it should in no case be subject to the debts of the husband; and the court held that her power of alienation was restricted by the donor in the instrument by which she acquired it; and that she could not on that account bind it for the payment of her husband's debt, that being the very thing to which the restriction related. This amounts, however, only to an exception to the general rule, and is not the rule itself. The rule is, that the feme covert is a feme sole as to her separate estate, with full power of alienation or disposition at her pleasure. The exception is that if the donor has restricted the power of alienation or disposition, she is bound by such restriction, and cannot, directly or indirectly, alienate or bind it, in violation of the restriction placed upon it by the donor."
The designation of a particular mode in the gift or settlement might preclude the adoption of any other. Wylly v. Collins, 9 Georgia, 223; Weeks v. Sego, 9 Georgia, 199; but unless restrained or fettered by the instrument in which her estate originated, she had the absolute power of disposition. Fears v. Brooks, 12 Georgia, 195. Of course she could make such disposition for such object and in such way as was expressly authorized.
The code was adopted in 1863, and § 1773 of the edition of 1867, § 1783 of the edition of 1882, provides as follows: "The *242 wife is a feme sole as to her separate estate, unless controlled by the settlement. Every restriction upon her power in it must be complied with; but while the wife may contract, she cannot bind her separate estate by any contract of suretyship, nor by any assumption of the debts of her husband, and any sale of her separate estate, made to a creditor of her husband in extinguishment of his debts, shall be absolutely void." While before this enactment a married woman could bind her separate estate for her husband's debts if she held the same free from restriction, the statute rendered that no longer possible, by imposing a restriction where none existed. But if an instrument settling property upon a married woman provides that she may pledge it for her husband's debts, there is nothing in the statute to prevent her from so doing.
It is not wrong in itself for a wife, of her own free will, to devote her separate property to the relief of her husband. Obedience to the dictates of duty, or even yielding to the impulses of affection, has in itself no tendency to impair the happiness of the family but the contrary.
As remarked in Sutton v. Aiken, Trustee, 62 Georgia, 733, 741, "it is evident that it is not wicked or immoral for a wife to pay her husband's debts, nor has the general public an interest in her abstaining from so doing. The restraint imposed upon her by the law is solely for her benefit and well being. The rule is economical, not moral; and its policy is in favor of a class, and not of the public at large. True, the class is a numerous and important one, but married women cannot be said to constitute the public. The public justice, police, order, safety, revenue, health, religion, or morality is not involved in preventing wives from devoting their property to the payment of their husbands' debts."
Hence, while the State has seen fit to impose a restriction where the instrument of gift is silent, or the wife otherwise holds by an unqualified ownership, it does not follow that the statute can be extended, upon grounds of general public policy, to destroy a power expressly bestowed, and render property inalienable which the donor granted upon condition that it might be conveyed as specified. It is not to be assumed that *243 the State intended to discourage gifts to, or settlements upon married women by making it impossible for those who wish to give to effectuate their intentions in respect to the terms on which the property should be held and disposed of.
The wife is "controlled by the settlement," not only as to compliance with "every restriction upon her power," but also as to every provision therein which enables her to act as prescribed, notwithstanding, except for such provision, she could not, under the statute, do that which as a feme sole she might do. The wife cannot bind her separate estate "by any assumption of the debts of her husband," but the separate estate which she cannot thus bind is estate so settled to her sole and separate use as to be controlled without the concurrence of her husband; and where, by the terms of the instrument, his concurrence is essential to whatever is done, it is not so situated as to come within the intent and meaning of the statute.
The property in question belonged to Brodnax. He conveyed it to a trustee by an instrument which required his assent to any sale or mortgage, and provided that the property should be held free from his debts contracts and liabilities, except such incumbrances or liens as might be made thereon at the written direction of himself and his wife. Under such circumstances the statute cannot be availed of to invalidate these mortgages; and this disposes of the case, for the mortgages were, in our judgment, such incumbrances as Mrs. Brodnax had the power to direct jointly with her husband to be created.
The meaning of the clause of the deed bearing on this subject is, that while the property was to be free from the contracts, debts and liabilities, of the husband it might be specially subjected to encumbrance to secure some of his debts, upon the written agreement of both husband and wife to that effect. This exception cannot be rejected as inconsistent with the previous provision, for it does not go to destroy it. In the particular instances in which she might choose to join with Brodnax in doing what he had not reserved the legal right to demand, debts might be made a charge upon the property *244 which was otherwise to be held free from all his debts. And in this view it does not matter whether the debt secured was past due or not.
The decree of the Circuit Court will therefore be affirmed.