191 N.E. 19 | NY | 1934
In an action brought by the Superintendent of Banks to enforce the statutory liability of stockholders of the Bank of United States (Banking Law [Cons. Laws, ch. 2], §§ 80 and 120) the members of the firm of Greer, Crane Webb are named as defendants. That firm appears by the books of the bank to be holders of thirty shares of the stock of the bank. The defendants, so named, had sold the stock to the firm of J.K. Rice, Jr., Co. before the closing of the bank, and they have impleaded the members of that firm, on the ground that the buyers will be liable to them for the claim made against the stockholders of record. (Civ. Prac. Act, § 193, subd. 2.)
The firm of J.K. Rice, Jr., Co., are dealers in securities. They agreed to buy the thirty shares of stock on December 10, 1930, at the price of 11 3/4, and a fraction of a minute thereafter they agreed to sell the same stock to the firm of Levy Bros. at the price of 11 7/8. The following morning the stock was delivered to J.K. Rice, Jr., Co. against a payment of $352.50 and the same certificates were then delivered by them to Levy Bros. Upon these undisputed facts J.K. Rice, Jr., Co., have moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint against them. An appeal has been taken to this court from the order of the Appellate Division affirming an order of Special Term denying the motion.
The Appellate Division in its order allowing the appeal has certified the following question: "Where a person appears by the books of a domestic bank to be a stockholder of record, but such stockholder of record has sold his shares prior to the closing of such bank by the Superintendent of Banks, and the purchaser thereof has resold such shares to a third party prior to such closing, is such purchaser from the stockholder of record liable to such stockholder of record for the amount of any assessment for which such stockholder of record may be held liable in an action by the Superintendent of Banks to recover *373
a statutory assessment under sections
The statute imposes liability for the debts of a bank upon "1. Such persons as appear by the books of the bank to be stockholders," and "2. Every owner of stock, legal or equitable, although the same may be on such books in the name of another person." (Banking Law, § 120.) The statutory liability of Greer, Crane Webb as stockholders of record was not terminated by the transfer of the stock certificates to J.K. Rice, Jr., Co., but J.K. Rice, Jr., Co. did by such transfer become the owners, legal and equitable, of the bank stock though the stock remained on the books of the bank in the name of the original holders, and as long as they remained the actual owners, they shared the liability of the holder of record of the same stock. Their liability was coterminous with their ownership of the stock. It began when they became the owners, it ended when they transferred their ownership to another.
Ownership of stock carries with it the enjoyment of any rights or privileges attached to the stock. True, statute or charter may provide that until the stock is transferred on the books of the corporation, only the holder of the stock as shown on the books of the corporation will be recognized by the corporation as owner. (Cf. Pers. Prop. Law, Cons. Laws, ch. 41, § 164.) Nevertheless, as between record holder and a purchaser from him, the seller becomes a trustee for the purchaser and must account for benefits received. (Currie v. White,
This court decided there that the actual owner of stock through purchase is under a duty to indemnify the seller against future liabilities arising from record ownership. "This is upon the principle that the duty to bear burdens is correlative to the right to take benefits. And it is from the existence of that duty, that the law will imply the undertaking, upon the part of the vendee, to indemnify the vendor against future liabilities" (p. 214).
The "right to take benefits" is derived from ownership and ceases with transfer of such ownership. The question now arises whether the "duty to bear burdens" continues thereafter. What was said and decided in Johnson v. Underhill (supra) does not answer that question. There the purchaser had not transferred the stock he had bought. It is true that the court formulates the obligation of a purchaser to indemnify the seller without limitation, yet limitation may perhaps be implied from the statement that duty to bear burden and right to benefit are "correlative." The obligation arises from an implied contract. Is that contract implied in fact or in law, and what are its exact terms?
If the contract is implied in fact and is based upon a finding of actual intention, then it would seem to follow that slight difference in the fact might produce infinite variations in result. Doubtless in almost every case the inference may fairly be drawn that the seller of stock does not intend after the sale to bear the burden of any duty which might be charged against the holder of record of the stock. If the seller sought complete release from any obligation imposed upon such holder, he might insist upon a transfer of the stock on the books of the corporation before he parted with ownership. Failure to take such *375 precaution may be due to obliviousness or to anticipation that the actual owner of the stock would meet any calls that might be made upon the stock; but ordinarily it can hardly be assumed that the parties contemplated or intended that the buyer would "register a transfer of the shares, and with a further undertaking, that the defendants [buyer] would indemnify the plaintiff [seller] against calls which the plaintiff [seller] might be called upon to pay, if, and so long as, the transfer was not registered." From the peculiar circumstances in Grissell v.Bristowe (supra), the Court of Common Pleas did find such a contract implied in fact, but no such circumstances are shown here, and the question actually decided in that case was entirely different. The citation of that case in our decision in Johnson v. Underhill (supra) may hardly be considered as an indication that the same contract would be implied in entirely different circumstances. Indeed, on the same case this court also cited the case of Walker v. Bartlett (86 Eng. C.L. Rep. 844) as holding that "there was an implied contract upon the part of the defendant to indemnify the vendor against calls made upon the shares, while they remained the property of the vendee." (p. 212.) (Italics are ours.) The decision in Johnson v.Underhill may not be regarded as authority for any broader rule.
In truth it would be difficult to infer from an ordinary sale and delivery of certificates of stock an intention that the buyer should transfer the stock upon the books of the corporation. It is common knowledge that transfers of stock are often not registered upon the books of the corporation and sales are made in the light of such knowledge. That the parties intended a transfer of both benefits and burdens may be true, and it may also be true that upon equitable principles the law will imply from acceptance of benefits a quasi contractual obligation to indemnify against burdens, even though actual intention to give such indemnity is absent. Any implication *376 of fact, however, that there was an intention that the buyer should indemnify the seller against charges even after the seller had in turn parted with the stock and the derivative right to benefits from the stock, would be without foundation.
In a number of decisions, courts of high authority in England have, nevertheless, decided that the law will imply an obligation that the buyer shall indemnify the seller against future charges, even though the buyer has in turn transferred the stock. InSpencer v. Ashworth, Partington Co. ([1925] 1 K.B. 589) the English Court of Appeal so held. In some earlier cases the rule had been limited, but the trend of decisions in the English courts had been toward a broad obligation of indemnity, and inSpencer v. Ashworth, Partington Co. the broad rule was expressly adopted. Indeed, in that case the parties were stock brokers and had dealt with each other only as stock brokers. Nevertheless, the broker for the buyer was held liable to the broker for the seller, who in turn had been held by the principal.
To some degree, at least, the formulation of the exact obligation imposed by law upon the buyer must depend upon the statutes which impose possible burdens upon holders of stock, and upon the customs and practices in regard to transfer of stock upon the books of corporations by those who buy and sell stock. Then, too, convenience and policy may have some influence. Differences in statutes and customs might lead the courts of this jurisdiction and England to reach different results. This court has decided that a broker who purchases stock at an auction sale is under no obligation to indemnify the seller for charges imposed after the broker delivered the stock to his undisclosed principal. (Richards v. Robin,
No cases have been cited to us from any American jurisdiction where the obligation to indemnify a seller of stock has been extended beyond the time when the quasi trust relation between seller and buyer ceased. (Cf. Brinkley v. Hambleton Co.,
There is no duty upon a buyer to register a transfer of stock upon the corporate books, and no obligation arises upon equitable grounds for failure to make such a transfer. No implication in fact of an agreement by the buyer to indemnify the seller from all future charges ordinarily arises from the sale. The obligation of the buyer to indemnify the seller is implied by law. It rests not on actual agreement, but on equitable principles. Seller and buyer occupy a quasi trust relationship as long as the *378 seller remains the holder of record and the buyer remains the actual owner of the stock. Then the law implies correlative obligations binding on each. When the buyer transfers the stock to another, then the new owner becomes entitled to the benefits of the stock. There is no privity of contract between the record holder and the new owner. The record holder may not even know that the buyer has transferred the stock to another. None the less the law makes the holder of the record title to stock aquasi trustee for the actual owner, and the law implies an obligation on the part of the record holder to account for the benefits received, and an obligation on the part of the actual owner to indemnify the record holder against liabilities. Here certainly the correlative obligations are both limited to the period when the relationship exists. In so far as the law implies correlative obligations solely from the quasi trust relationship, they depend upon privity of estate and cease when that privity terminates. That is true alike where the cestui is the original buyer and where the cestui is a subsequent assignee.
Thus the wider obligation of a buyer to indemnify the seller against all liabilities until the transfer of stock has been registered which English courts have held is implied in law must rest either upon an inference of actual intention of the parties or upon considerations which require the buyer in good conscience to protect the seller either by transfer of the stock or by indemnification in case of failure to make such transfer. Under English custom there may be a duty on the part of a broker authorized to sell stock or on the part of a buyer to register a transfer. Then there is basis for the implication of an obligation to indemnify the record holder of the stock which survives until the duty to register the transfer has been performed. In this jurisdiction there is no such duty resting upon a buyer, and it is difficult then to find any sound basis for the implication of an obligation by the buyer to indemnify the seller which continues after the buyer has terminated *379 the quasi trust relationship between himself and the seller.
The orders should be reversed and the motion for summary judgment granted, with costs in all courts. The question certified should be answered in the negative.
POUND, Ch. J., CRANE, O'BRIEN, HUBBS and CROUCH, JJ., concur.
Orders reversed, etc.
