681 F.2d 746 | Ct. Cl. | 1982
delivered the opinion of the court:
This case is an appeal under the Contract Disputes Act of 1978, 41 U.S.C. § 601 and ff, seeking review of a decision of the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA). Broad Avenue Laundry & Tailoring, ASBCA No. 25136, 81-1 BCA ¶ 14,895 (1980). It presents important questions whether respondent can repudiate a contracting officer’s written modification of a fixed price contract and refuse to bear the pecuniary consequences on the ground that the modification was outside the contracting officer’s authority, because based on a mistake of law.
The contract, awarded July 2, 1979, ran a year from August 1, 1979, and required petitioner to operate a government-owned laundry service facility at Fort Rucker, Alabama. Petitioner succeeded a different previous contractor and inherited some of the latter’s work force. The contract was labor intensive to the degree that the cost of performance varied almost directly with the applicable wage rates. These were set by collective bargaining and had to equal prevailing rates in the area as determined by the Labor Department under 41 U.S.C. §351 and ff (Service Contract Act).
Shortly after work started under the new contract at previously established labor rates, the employees shifted their union affiliation, hoping to fare better with a new bargaining representative. The new man did indeed do better, obtaining from Mr. Hancock, owner of petitioner, in
Neither party now contends that Mrs. Nicholson correctly applied the applicable law, as stated and construed in the DOL Regulation. It says, 29 C.F.R. § 4.143 and ff, 4.161, that wages effective at the start of an ongoing contract may be changed by "[a] change in the Fair Labor Standards Act minimum by operation of law * * She (not being an attorney) supposed that a new DOL prevailing wage determination effected a change "by operation of law.” If she had read further, she would have come across further language which makes it reasonably clear (to a lawyer) that a mere local prevailing wage determination, not based on new statute or regulation, does not force any change in wage rates under contracts actually in effect. "Such wage determinations are effective for contracts not yet awarded * * * 9t
On March 19, a price analyst questioned Mrs. Nicholson’s wage rate modification and recommended that legal advice be sought. Thereafter occurred a painful correspondence between her and the office of the Staff Judge Advocate (SJA) in which a clearcut legal opinion was repeatedly withheld because the contracting officer failed to furnish an adequate file with her request for a ruling. Despite the
The contractor took a timely appeal to the ASBCA. The board relied in denying the claim mainly on the historic doctrine of Federal Crop Insurance Corp. v. Merrill, 332 U.S. 380 (1947), that the government is not estopped by promise or undertaking of its officials outside the scope of their authority. So does respondent before us. We conclude that the act of Mrs. Nicholson, though erroneous, was within the scope of her authority. The government can be estopped by the promises of an official within the scope of her authority, as the ASBCA concedes, referring to George H. Whike Construction Co. v. United States, 135 Ct.Cl. 126, 140 F.Supp. 560 (1956). To the same effect see California-Pacific Utilities Co. v. United States, 194 Ct.Cl. 703, 720 (1971); Russell Corp. v. United States, 210 Ct.Cl. 596, 537 F.2d 474 (1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1073 (1977), or by a contracting officer’s waiver, Roberts v. United States, 174 Ct.Cl. 940, 357 F.2d 938 (1966) (to a price reduction for reduced cost under changes article).
The question clearly is not the general rule but its application to the facts of this case. The parties have discussed, and we take up, the following three lines of legal doctrine: I, how the no estoppel rule applies to an official’s undertaking based on a mistake of law, but otherwise within her jurisdiction, II, whether the error here was "palpably illegal” it being respondent’s premise that a "palpably illegal” commitment cannot be the basis of an estoppel or other equitable claim by the other party, and III, whether respondent by its acts and omissions breached its implied commitment to cooperate and act in good faith.
The recent Supreme Court case of Schweiker v. Hansen, 450 U.S. 785 (1981) shows that the doctrine the government is not estopped by the unauthorized commitments of its agents is still alive and well. The facts, however, in that case reflect that the claimant sought to establish entitlement to Social Security benefits for which she had filed no written application, as the law affirmatively required her to do. The government agent’s blundering statements were thought below to excuse this requirement, the substantive prerequisites to entitlement all being present. The Court in summarily reversing reiterated, however, at p. 788, its previous recognition in the Federal Crop Ins. case of "the duty of all courts to observe the conditions defined by Congress for charging the public treasury.” Since Congress affirmatively required, on top of everything else, a written application, the blundering official could not excuse this requirement by means of his blunders.
The effort to use an official’s errors to avoid compliance with an affirmative prerequisite to an entitlement, is a sure loser. A classic case in this court is Montilla v. United States, 198 Ct.Cl. 48, 457 F.2d 978 (1972), where the reservist claimant sought to use the alleged erroneous statement of an Army officer to obtain entitlement to military retirement pay without earning "points” by training duty as the law requires. The noteworthy thing about Schweiker v. Hansen, is that except in that classic situation, it seems to recognize at least by reference to lower court decisions, that in cases other than this classic situation, estoppel by an agent’s blunders is not impossible. A seventh circuit decision since Schweiker v. Hansen, takes this view. Portmann v. United States, 674 F. 2d 1155 (7th Cir. 1982). The claim of estoppel was against the U. S. Postal Service by the owner of a package lost in the mail. The blunder by the postal clerk was to assure the mailer that insurance offered by the Service included "document reconstruction” though in fact by regulation it did not. The court upheld the
Central to the ASBCA’s and to respondent’s argument here is the thesis, not clearly spelled out but necessarily implied, that any order or commitment by a contracting officer based on an incorrect idea of the law is necessarily unauthorized. But this cannot be true, and a moment’s thought will show its fallacy. Payment of prevailing wages is one of the services required of petitioner by the contract. Performance of laundry service is another. Suppose the contracting officer decided to order some particular laundry service in a mistaken belief that the contract called for it. The order, if made with requisite formality, would be valid and effective even though based on a mistake of law. The contractor would under the disputes clause language already quoted be required to comply, perform the demanded service, and prosecute a claim for a constructive change order under disputes clause procedure. Even though under that procedure the contractor might establish that the demand was based on a mistake of law, this would not prove that it was unauthorized. It was valid and effective to impose on the contractor a legal duty to obey the order, and on the government to pay for the services if the interpretation were held erroneous. If he refused to obey, he would be in default. The government, which clothes its contracting officers with authority to effectuate these consequences on the basis of a mistake of law, cannot now turn around and take the wholly inconsistent position that it did not authorize the contracting officer to make legal mistakes.
Of course, this cannot be carried too far. The orders must be within the officer’s subject matter jurisdiction. This under the Service Contract Act includes employee wages. The order must not be contrary to any express authority limitation. The government could give the contracting officer a writing, saying she is not authorized to make mistakes of law, but only correct rulings. No such document is cited here. The order must not call on the contractor to do something illegal. We assume there is nothing in the
II
The petitioner cites a line of cases to establish that a contracting officer’s decisions are not void merely because erroneous. These cases hold that a contract award is valid to endow a contractor with the right to a convenience termination, even though legally erroneous, because someone else was entitled to receive the award, if the illegality is not plain and palpable. John Reiner & Co. v. United States, 163 Ct.Cl. 381, 325 F.2d 438 (1963), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 931 (1964); Warren Brothers Roads Co. v. United States, 173 Ct.Cl. 714, 355 F.2d 612 (1965); and note also Manloading & Management Associates, Inc. v. United States, 198 Ct.Cl. 628, 461 F.2d 1299 (1972). The latter case involved statements at a prebid conference on a contract awarded in a year near its end, in which oral statements were made that the contract as awarded would be renewed for a later year. The court applied an equitable estoppel, noting that the government was acting in a "proprietary capacity,” and that the representations did not nullify a "statutory requirement.” 198 Ct.Cl. at 635, 461 F.2d at 1302-03.
Respondent naturally responds, yes, but the modification was palpably illegal here. We have some doubt whether the
If there can be a palpable illegality mandating refusal to comply with a contracting officer’s directives, we do not think it present here. In the first place, Mod. 12 did not, by any view of the law, require petitioner to do anything illegal. In the second place, the regulation involved does indeed, as respondent says, read perfectly plainly to a lawyer. Counsel for both sides and we ourselves all read it the same way. But it was not perfectly clear to the contracting officer, Mrs. Nicholson, a lay person. Similarly in Portmann v. United States, supra, the meaning of the postal regulation as denying the insurance claimed was clear to the court, yet it was deemed significant that a lay person could easily misconstrue it. The horrid suspicion emerges that the regulation in our case is one of many put out by the government that is, to nonlawyers, completely opaque. In determining whether an illegality is palpable it must surely be reasonable to notice the attainments of the contractor. Palpable to whom? Petitioner is a small business, certified as such for award of small business set-asides. Apparently the named petitioner here is the name under which Mr. Hancock does business. Unlike General Motors, he had no lawyer at his elbow in the contract award and performance period. He appeared pro se before the ASBCA. He said it would take a "battery of lawyers” to interpret the regulation correctly. That body took note of his lack of legal skills, and in its best tradition, endeavored to protect him. We think it is with small dignity indeed that respondent argues that an illegality should be perceivable to Mr. Hancock that was not perceivable to its own contracting officer, a lay person also, but with 7 years of experience and ostensible full access to legal services, as to the reality of
Ill
What we have said should be, and is, sufficient to dispose of the case. Petitioner’s final point is respondent’s implied warranty that it will do nothing to hinder or obstruct performance by the other party, or make it more costly. Roberts v. United States, supra. This includes the obligation to supply information in respondent’s possession that the contractor needs to have to perform speedily and economically. Examples are: Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States, 160 Ct.Cl. 437, 312 F.2d 774 (1963) (information that plaintiff needed on machinery to perform with success); J. A. Jones Construction Co. v. United States, 182 Ct.Cl. 615, 390 F.2d 886 (1968) (information as to government plans for crash construction which would enhance labor costs "an essential element of the cause of action is defendant’s knowledge of the plaintiffs ignorance.” 182 Ct.Cl. at 623, 390 F.2d at 890-91); Maxwell Dynamometer Co. v. United States, 181 Ct.Cl. 607, 386 F.2d 855 (1967) (information that plaintiff was testing dynamometers in an unnecessarily expensive and impossible way); Hardeman-Monier Hutcherson v. Unied States, 198 Ct.Cl. 472, 458 F.2d 1364 (1972) (adverse sea and weather conditions at work site); Chris Berg, Inc. v. United States, 186 Ct.Cl. 389, 404 F.2d 364 (1968) (Typhoon conditions, Marcus Island).
The obstruction and hindrance by respondent present in this case resulted from the contracting officer’s undertaking in December 1979, to decide a legal question, though she was a lay person, from her issuance of the erroneous and improper Mod. 12, and from her long delay in resolving the question of legality when raised. The findings do not reflect that the DOL expected that the new prevailing rates would apply to any ongoing already awarded contract, but as Mrs.
It is unnecessary to do more than mention the possible application of the warranty rule to this case. It would add some support to our conclusions in Parts I and II. We do not pass on it because it is a prop we do not need.
The ASBCA’s denial of entitlement is therefore reversed, and the cause is remanded to the board for determination of quantum.