¶ 1 Brenda O. argues the superior court erred in terminating her parental rights because it incorrectly applied the expert-witness requirement in 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) (2006), part of the federal Indian Child Welfare Act (“ICWA”). For the following reasons, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 Brenda is an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation. In August 2007, the Arizona Department of Economic Security (“ADES”) removed Brenda’s five-month-old daughter, B., because Brenda was too intoxicated to care for her, and the superior court entered a dependency order. In September and October 2007, ADES twice referred Brenda to TERROS, a substance-abuse treatment center, but she missed both intake sessions. In April 2008, Brenda was incarcerated on a probation violation resulting from an earlier conviction for driving under the influence; she was released in October 2008.
¶ 3 Brenda’s second child, M., was born in October 2008. Two months later, ADES removed M. from Brenda’s care after Child Protective Services (“CPS”) visited Brenda’s home and found her so intoxicated that she was “unable to stand still, walk straight, or look anyone straight in the eye.” CPS again referred Brenda to TERROS in May 2009. Brenda arrived intoxicated for the first two scheduled intake sessions. After she finally completed an intake appointment on June 22, 2009, she began attending an intensive outpatient group, but she was intoxicated at several group sessions.
¶4 Brenda also was intoxicated during about 60 percent of her visits with her chil
dren.
¶ 5 ADES offered Brenda parent-aide services, bus passes, additional substance abuse counseling and a psychological evaluation. She was required to undergo 56 urinalysis tests but participated in only five. She declined to participate in substance abuse services through Native American Connections, Alcoholics Anonymous or any inpatient program. ADES discontinued parent-aide services because Brenda so often showed up intoxicated. Brenda missed a psychological evaluation appointment in September 2007 and another psychological appointment in 2008. She finally appeared for a psychological evaluation in June 2009.
¶ 6 On May 11, 2009, ADES filed a motion to terminate Brenda’s parental rights on the ground that she was “unable to discharge [her] parental responsibilities because of a history of chronic abuse of ... alcohol.” With respect to B., the State also alleged the child had been in out-of-home care for 15 months and that Brenda was unable to remedy the circumstances that had brought the child into care.
¶ 7 The court took evidence on September 17 and 24, 2009, and January 25, 2010. A TERROS counselor testified that even after the first two days of trial, Brenda continued to arrive intoxicated for therapy sessions. TERROS closed her case in October 2009 after she did not show up for a session but was found asleep at a nearby bus stop.
¶ 8 The superior court terminated Brenda’s rights on both alleged grounds. Inter alia, the court found ADES “proved beyond a reasonable doubt that custody of the children by mother is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the children and that this finding is supported by the testimony of a qualified expert witness.” The court based its decision in large part on the testimony of Dr. John DiBaeco, the licensed psychologist who performed Brenda’s psychological evaluation. According to DiBacco, Brenda “denied she had a drinking problem” and “essentially minimized, if not denied, that alcohol’s been a major problem for her.” Brenda’s inability to refrain from drinking prior to visits with her children and prior to alcohol-counseling sessions demonstrated that she could not control her drinking, DiBacco said. He concluded the evidence “suggests very strongly that this is uncontrolled consumption at a pathological level.”
¶ 9 Brenda timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Article 6, Section 9, of the Arizona Constitution and Arizona Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) section 8-235 (2007).
DISCUSSION
¶ 10 On appeal, Brenda does not contest the superior court’s findings and conclusions with respect to the state-law grounds on which the court ordered severance; nor does she argue the court incorrectly concluded severance was in the best interests of her children. 1 She argues only that the court erred by terminating her rights in the absence of evidence from an expert witness as required by ICWA that “serious emotional or physical damage” was likely to occur to the children if they are returned to her. 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f).
¶ 11 ICWA limits a state’s power to terminate the parental rights of a member of an Indian tribe.
See generally
25 U.S.C. §§ 1901-1963 (2006). In enacting ICWA, Congress found “that an alarmingly high percentage of Indian families are broken up by the removal, often unwarranted, of their children from them by nontribal public and private agencies and that an alarmingly high percentage of such children are placed in non-Indian foster and adoptive homes and institutions.” 25 U.S.C. § 1901(4). Congress also found that child custody proceedings under state law “have often failed to recognize the essential tribal relations of Indian people and the cultural and social stan
dards
¶ 12 At issue here is the ICWA requirement that a tribe member’s parental rights not be terminated “in the absence of a determination, supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the continued custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f).
¶ 13 We interpret statutes
de novo. State ex rel. Ariz. Dep’t of Revenue v. Capitol Castings, Inc.,
¶ 14 The United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs has issued guidelines (“Guidelines”) to assist state courts in interpreting ICWA. Though the Guidelines are not mandatory, many Arizona courts have relied upon them.
Rachelle S. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec.,
[i.] A member of the Indian child’s tribe who is recognized by the tribal community as knowledgeable in tribal customs as they pertain to family organization and childrearing practices.
[ii.] Any expert witness having substantial experience in the delivery of child and family services to Indians, and extensive knowledge of prevailing social and cultural standards and childrearing practices within the Indian child’s tribe.
[in.] A professional person having substantial education and experience in the area of his or her specialty.
Guidelines for State Courts; Indian Child Custody Proceedings, 44 Fed. Reg. 67, 584, D.4 (Nov. 26,1979).
¶ 15 Notwithstanding that a non-Indian may qualify as an expert by virtue of experience and knowledge of a tribe’s social and cultural standards and childrearing practices, neither ICWA nor the Guidelines “limit a qualified expert exclusively to someone with expertise with Indian children or culture.” Rachelle S.,
¶ 16 In
Rachelle S.,
for example, a child had been removed from his parents after suffering a severe head injury.
¶ 17 DiBacco, the psychologist who opined that Brenda’s drinking problem likely was “pathological,” received his doctorate in psychology in 1975 and has practiced in Arizona since then. He testified he has “worked with Native Americans [for] most of [his] career,”
¶ 18 As to whether alcohol abuse is prevalent among the Navajo, DiBaeco testified, “Generally alcohol abuse and drug abuse is a problem for most of the nations, Navajo included.” He explained:
And again, some of these comments are pertinent to many of the other nations as well, but there’s some speculation in terms of genetic propensity and, you know, particular genetic proclivity toward alcohol abuse and that’s a genetic explanation. But often times it’s tied up with the social, cultural aspects of the reservation. For instance, being isolated and essentially there being a higher prevalence of depression among some nations, including Navajo, and alcohol is seen as a palliative response to those sociological culture aspects.
DiBaceo later was asked whether Brenda would be unable to remain sober because she is Navajo. To that, he responded:
No. No, I mean the majority of Navajo people do not have a drinking problem. Do they have a higher incidence than the general populations? Yes, probably. And that percentage varies from tribe to tribe and based on them cultural experiences. And again, there may be some genetic propensity as well, but just because she’s Navajo or Hopi or Pima doesn’t mean she’s doomed to become an alcoholic or she would not be able to stop because of that genetic makeup.
DiBacco added that although Brenda had lived on a reservation in the past, she more recently had lived in Phoenix “for a good period of time.”
¶ 19 DiBaeeo’s psychological evaluation of Brenda plainly was within his expertise as a professional psychologist.
See Steven H.,
¶ 20 Nevertheless, on this record, we conclude DiBaceo qualified as an expert witness within the meaning of 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f). Brenda offered no evidence to dispute DiBaeeo’s testimony that although there may be a higher incidence of alcohol abuse among members of some tribes, neither genetics nor tribal culture prevents her from controlling her consumption of alcohol. DiBacco testified Brenda would not be able to begin to address her drinking problem until she acknowledged its existence. Unfortunately, however, Brenda refused to admit she abused alcohol and continued to drink heavily even when she knew she was under scrutiny as part of the severance proceedings. Moreover, there was no evidence at trial that Navajo culture or mores are relevant to the effect Brenda’s demonstrated alcohol problem has on her children. Nor on appeal are we offered any authority for the proposition that a parent’s alcoholism affects an Indian child differently than any other child.
¶ 21 Accordingly, because DiBacco testified about a matter within his professional specialty, we conclude he was an expert witness qualified to testify that Brenda’s continued custody of her children would be “likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage” to the children, pursuant to 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f).
See In re Interest of C.W.,
¶ 22 DiBaceo’s testimony also provided the future-looking evidence required by ICWA. He testified that “alcohol impairs judgment and makes the — or causes the parent to be less available, if not unavailable emotionally and physically.” He further testified that
¶ 23 “ICWA does not require that the experts’ testimony provide the sole basis for the court’s conclusion; ICWA simply requires that the testimony support that conclusion.”
E.A. v. State Div. of Family & Youth Serv.,
¶ 24 The superior court’s thorough order terminating Brenda’s rights reflected a careful consideration of all the evidence. The order noted that Brenda persistently had been “intoxicated, hostile and verbally abusive” at visits with her children and at counseling sessions but had refused “services to address her problem” and “continues to deny that she has a problem.”
¶ 25 We conclude that DiBacco’s testimony and the other evidence recounted above amply satisfied ICWA’s requirements. In sum, the evidence before the court constituted a sufficient basis for its finding that returning the children to Brenda’s custody “is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the children].” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f).
CONCLUSION
¶ 26 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the superior court’s order terminating Brenda’s parental rights. 3
Notes
. We will affirm an order terminating a parent-child relationship "unless it is clearly erroneous.’’
Jesus M. v. Ariz. Dep't of Econ. Sec.,
. Although 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) refers to "qualified expert witnesses,” no more than one qualified expert witness is required.
D.A.W. v. Alaska,
. After the court issued this decision as a memorandum decision, the State moved for an order designating the decision as an opinion. The court invited Brenda to respond to the motion, but she did not. In the absence of a response from Brenda and because publication is warranted pursuant to Arizona Rule of Civil Appellate Procedure 28(b)(1) and (4), we withdraw the memorandum decision and grant the motion to publish. We reaffirm our order in the prior decision amending the caption to refer to the children by their initials.