92 F. 760 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Western Virginia | 1899
This cause comes on to be heard on the report of the master in pursuance of a decree entered herein on the 28th of February, 1896, by which the cause was recommitted. The master had made a report, January 28, 1896, to whictí. exceptions had been filed by Henry Strong, a holder of part of the first mortgage bonds of the Glasgow Investment Company, and by others. By a decree of the 13 th oí June, 1896, the master was directed “to take
The questions arising on the petition of A. F. Smith were before this court at a special term thereof, July 11, 1895. They were presented by a demurrer filed by Henry Strong and others to the petition. On the hearing, this court sustained the demurrer, and dismissed the petition. 71 Fed. 903. From this action of the court, Smith appealed to the circuit court of appeals, Fourth circuit., This court held that the demurrer to the petition put the whole record in issue, and that, admitting all that the petition alleged, it could not be sustained. The court of appeals reversed the decree of this court, and remanded the case for testimony to be taken on the petition. 20 C. C. A. 432, 74 Fed. 332. The master, in pursuance of the reference, took testimony in support of, and in opposition to, the allegations in the petition of said A. F. Smith.
The contention of the petitioner Smith is that the deed of trust executed by the Glasgow Investment Company to S. H. Letcher, trustee, of date June 1, 1891, the purpose of which was to secure to the Natural Bridge Forest Company the payment of the amount due it from the Natural Bridge Park Association, was in violation of section 1149 of the Code of Virginia of 1887. This section provides:
“Sec. 1149 [applying to chartered companies]. And if any such company create any lien or incumbrance on its works or property for the purpose of giving a preference to one or more creditors of the company over any otljer creditor or creditors, except to secure a debt contracted, or money borrowed, at the time of the creation of the lien or incumbrance, the same shall inure to the benefit, ratably, of all the creditors of the company existing at the time such lien or incumbrance was created.”
The master, after carefully reviewing and discussing the testimony before him, says:
“In view of the foregoing findings of fact, and the law applicable thereto, your commissioner is of opinion that the deed of trust from the Glasgow Investment Company to S. H. Letcher, trustee, dated June 1, 1891, is not in violation of the provisions of section 1149 of the Code of Virginia, and that the bonds secured under said deed of trust constitute a lien upon the estate conveyed in said deed of trust superior to the claim of the petitioner A. F. Smith.”
The court sustains this finding of the master. It will not discuss the facts and the law upon which it rests. The reasons given by the court for sustaining the demurrer to the petition of A. F. Smith (71 Fed. 903) are applicable in sustaining the conclusion of the master. It is not necessary to repeat them.
The questions which have elicited the most elaborate and earnest argument are those raised by the exceptions taken to the master’s report in allowing a mechanic’s lien in favor of the Withrow Lumber Company, hereafter styled the “Withrow Company.” This claim of a mechanic’s lieni by the Withrow Company arises as follows: On the 21st of October, 1891, the Forest Inn, situated on the mortgaged premises, was destroyed by fire. On the 15th day of May, 1892, the Glasgow Investment Company entered into a contract with the Withrow Company to erect an hotel building to replace the one
Section 2475 of the Code of Virginia of 1887 provides:
“Sec. 2475. Lien for Work Done and Materials Furnished, by Artizans, Mechanics, Lumber Dealers and Olliers. All artizans, builders, mechanics, lumber dealers, and other persons performing labor about, or furnishing' materials for, the construction, repair, or improvement of any building or structure, permanently annexed to the freehold, whether they be general contractors or subcontractors, shall have a lien, if perfected as hereinafter provided, upon such building- or structure, and so much land therewith as shall be necessary for the convenient use and enjoyment of the premises, for the work done and materials furnished. But where the claim is for repairs only, no lien shall attach to the property repaired unless the said repairs were ordered by the owner of the property or his agent.”
Section 2476 is as follows:
“See. 2476. Perfection of Lien by General Contractor — Mechanic’s Lion Record — Notice of Lien. A general contractor, m order to perfect the lien, given him by the preceding section, shall at any time after the work done, or materials furnished by him, and before the expiration of thirty days from the time such building or structure is completed, or the work thereon otherwise terminated, tile in the clerk’s office of the county or corporation court of each county or corporal ion in which the building or structure, or any part thereof is, or in the clerk's office of The chancery court of the city of Richmond, if the said building or structure is within the corporate limits of the said city, an account showing the amount and character of the work done or materials furnished, the prices charged therefor, the payments made, if any, and the balance duo, verified by the oath of the claimant or his agent, with a statement attached declaring his intention to claim the benefit of said lien, and giving a brief description of the property on which ho claims the lien. It shall be the duty of the clerk, in whose office such account and statement shall be filed as here-inbefore provided, to record ilie same in a book to be kept by him for that purpose, called the ‘Mechanic’s Lien Record,’ and to index the same in the name as well of the claimant, of the lion as of the owner of the property, and from the time of such filing all persons shall be deemed to have notice thereof.”
Sec lion 3477 provides for perfection of lien by subcontractor.
Section 2478 provides:
“Sec. 2178. What Inaccuracies not to Affect Lien. No inaccuracy in the account filed, or in the description, of the property to be covered by the lien, shall invalidate the lien, if the property can be reasonably identified by the description given and the account conform substantially to the requirements of the two preceding sections, and is not willfully false.”
The statute gives a lien upon the building or structure, and so much land therewith as shall be necessary for the convenient use and enjoyment of the premises.
It is not contended that the mechanic’s lien claimed by the With-row Company is a lien on the land embraced in the deed of trust
“It is furthermore to be understood, that there are to be reserved from the operation of this deed all the drives, streets, and alleys on said land now laid off, or that may hereafter be indicated, on any plot, for the improvement of said property, and such lands as may be occupied by, and used in connection with, such hotel as may be built thereon, together with all approaches thereto.”
The evidence shows that, at the time the deed of trust was executed, the Glasgow Company contemplated the erection of a new hotel, to cost $50,000. This was several months before the Forest Inn was destroyed by fire, and to replace which the Withrow Company contracted to erect a new building. To understand the intention of the contracting parties, we must place ourselves in the position they occupied when the deed of trust was executed. It was in contemplation of the grantor, the Glasgow Company, to erect a new hotel on the premises conveyed, and it desired to have under its exclusive control such hotel, and the lands occupied and used in connection therewith, and the approaches thereto. The parties were dealing with the property as it existed at the time of the contract, when the Forest Inn was one of the standing hotels. Men in the ordinary business affairs of everyday life do not contract with reference to unforeseen, unexpected, and unthought of occurrences, which we term “accidents.”
In James v. Insurance Co., 4 Cliff. 278, Fed. Cas. No. 7,182, 8 Myers, Fed. Dec. § 828, the court says:
“Parties may make tbeir own contracts, but tbe courts, in all cases except where tbe language employed is so explicit and unambiguous that it must be understood that tbe words express tbeir own interpretation, may give tbe language a reasonable construction, to effect the intention of the parties as collected from tbe whole instrument, tbe subject-matter, and the surrounding circumstances. The province of construction is limited to the language employed, as applied to tbe subject-matter and the surrounding circumstances contemporaneous with tbe instrument; but courts are not denied tbe same light and information the parties enjoyed when tbe contract was executed, and for that purpose may acquaint themselves with tbe persons and circumstances that are the subject of tbe written instrument, and are entitled' to place themselves in tbe same situation as the parties who made the contract, so as to view the circumstances as they viewed them, and so to judge the meaning of the words and of the correct application of the language to tbe things described.” '
“It is a principle recognized and acted upon as a cardinal rule by all courts of justice, in the construction of contracts, that tbe intention of the parties is to be inquired into, and, if not forbidden by law, is to be effectuated.” Bradley v. Steam-Packet Co., 13 Pet. 89.
The clause referred to in the deed of trust reserved from its operation a portion of the land conveyed on condition that a new hotel should be built thereon in addition to the hotels then on the land. The event did not occur, the condition was unfulfilled, and the land
The deed of trust to secure the bonds contains the further provision that “the Glasgow Company shall keep the buildings and property fully insured for the benefit of the trust to the extent of, at least, $40,000; '* * shall preserve the buildings, and permit no waste, with the right, however, to change the buildings or the personal property so that the aggregate value of the improvements or the personalty on this property shall not be diminished.” Counsel for the bondholders contend that this provision in the deed of trust is equivalent to a covenant to rebuild; that the building erected to take the place of I he burnt hotel is. under the covenant quoted, for the benefit and security of ilie bondholders, and is therefore not subject to a mechanic’s lien for materials furnished and work done in restoring the burnt building. This provision in the deed of trust is not a covenant to rebuild. If the parties intended it as such, they doubtless would have expressed their intention clearly, by saying the Glasgow Company should rebuild, at its own cost, any building destroyed by fire. The language used is that usually employed in covenants to keep in good repair, and it would be a strained construction to extend it beyond that, in order to make it embrace an obligation to rebuild. The bondholders have, by the terms of the trust deed, protection against loss by fire to the amount of $40,000. Insurance against loss by fire is generally taken for the purpose of enabling the owner of the property to rebuild in case of loss. In this case, the money is diverted from its usual course, and goes to a partial satisfaction of the bonds secured as a first lien on the property. The bondholders having received the insurance money which the deed of trust guarantied they should have, to require the Glasgow Company to rebuild would be to place upon it a burden not contemplated by the parties when the deed of trust was executed, and not imposed by the terms of the provision in question, and even deprive it of the aid it might receive in rebuilding from the provisions of the mechanic’s lien law.
A very material and important question is presented in this case, arising from the fact that on June 27, 3892, a receiver was appointed in this cause to fake charge of all the property of the Glasgow Company, and the usual injunction issued. The receiver was appointed pending the execution of the contract between the Glasgow Company and the Withrow Company for building the hotel, which was entered into on the 15th of May, 3892. This presents for consideration the effect of the appointment of a receiver and granting an injunction on existing executory contracts previously entered into by the insolvent corporation. In this case the Withrow Company continued work under its contract with the Glasgow Company, after the appointment of the receiver, without obtaining the consent of the receiver under the approval and direction of the court. The receiver, without the direction of the court, could not have agreed to carry out the contract.
“The power to the receiver to carry out contracts existing at the time of his appointment is not, as a rule, granted by the court, except in cases where there is a lien upon the receivership property of some nature operating as a security for the performance of the contract. The reasons for this rule are apparent: (1) If the receiver could he held, to the .performance of an uncompleted contract, the performance of the contract by him would be equivalent to a payment or satisfaction of the contract indebtedness, and, in the absence of adequate funds for the purpose, the court will not require him to do so. The functions of the receiver are to marshal the assets and distribute the same to the creditors, as directed by the court, according to their respective rights and interests.”
That the receiver in this case, without direction of the court, could take no steps to carry out the contract between the Glasgow Company and the Withrow Company, is a question too well settled to require discussion. The receiver did nothing to make the contract his own, and made no effort to carry it out. The Withrow Company made no application to the court to require the receiver to specifically perform the contract. The doctrine on this subject is thus stated by Brewer, J., in Olyphant v. Steel Co., 28 Fed. 729:
“The court takes possession of the property for the benefit of all concerned, and should so manage it with that purpose in view, making, even if it has the power, no other changes in the several relations of creditors to each other and to the common debtor than are absolutely necessary for the accomplishment of the main purpose. The interests of all parties oftentimes will be promoted by going on with contracts partially completed.”
The authorities sustaining this statement of the law are numerous. Southern Exp. Co. v. Western N. C. R. Co., 99 U. S. 191; Oil Co. v. Wilson, 142 U. S. 323, 324, 12 Sup. Ct. 235; Glenny v. Langdon, 98 U. S. 20. See Peoria & P. U. Ry. Co. v. Chicago, P. & S. W. R. Co., 127 U. S. 200, 8 Sup. Ct. 1125.
The receiver having no power to execute the contract of the insolvent Glasgow Company with the Withrow Company without the order and direction of the court, we are led to inquire by what authority the Withrow Company proceeded with the execution of the contract after the appointment of a receiver. On what principle can we say the contractor, the Withrow Company, had a right to proceed with the execution of the contract after the appointment of the receiver? The contract between the Glasgow Company and the Withrow Company created no lien on the property. “This lien is a creation of the statute, and was not recognized at common law.” Van Stone v. Manufacturing Co., 142 U. S. 128, 12 Sup. Ct. 181.
The court further says:
“It may be defined to be a claim created by law, for tbe purpose of insuring a priority of payment of the price and value of work performed and materials furnished in erecting or repairing a building or other structure, and as such it attaches to the land as well as the buildings erected thereon. Now, it is not the contract for erecting or repairing the building which creates the lien, but it is the use of the materials furnished and the work and labor expended by the contractor, whereby the building becomes a part of the freehold, that gives the material man and laborer his lien under the statute. The lien is brought into operation by virtue of the statute, and the contract for building is entered into presumably in view of, or with reference to, the statute.”
Able oral arguments have been made, and elaborate and well-considered briefs filed, on (he exception to the master’s report, which raises the question as to the sufficiency of the account filed by the Withrow Company, in the clerk’s office of the county court of Rock-bridge county, as the basis of the mechanic’s lien claimed.
The statute (section 2476, Code Va. 1887) provides:
“A general contractor, in order to perfect the lien given him hy the preceding section, shall at any time alter the work done or materials furnished by him, and before the expiration of thirty days from the time such building or structure is completed, or the work thereon otherwise terminated, file in the (dork’s office of the county or corporation court, of such county or corporation, in which the building or structure or any part thereof is * * *, an account showing the amount and character of the work done or materials furnished, (ho prices charged therefor, the payments made if any, and the balance due, verified by the oatli of the claimant or his agent, with a statement alt ached declaring "his intention to claim the benefit of said lion, and giving a brief description of the property on which he claims the lien.”
Following is the account filed by the Withrow Company:
Millboro Depot, Va„ August 25, 1892.
Glasgow Investment Company, to the A. If. Withrow Lumber Co., Contractors and Wholesale Lumber Dealers.
Terms: -.
To labor performed and materials furnished in the construction of a new hotel building at Natural From May loth, Bridge, Ya., and labor performed and mate-1892, to date. terials furnished in repairing and improving the building known as ‘'Appledore Hotel,” as per eonlraet. §12,000 00
1891.
May 22. To stonework done on Mr. Wirt E. Taylor’s residence, on Grace street, between Shafer and Harrison streets, in the city of Richmond, and materials furnished, as per agreement with John E. Bell, general contractor for said
work . $2,350 00
Extras: 26 ft. 7 in. curbing, at 90 cts. 23 92
21% ft. tile, at $1.00..'. 21 50
$2,305 42
Credit by cash. 1,175 00
Balance due... $1,220 42
Of this account the court said: ‘Where the work is contracted for as an entirety for a specific amount; and this is so set out in the account filed, all the information is given that is needed or can be reasonably required.” Applying the doctrine thus stated to the account filed by the Withrow Company, the court cannot see how it sustains that account. The building of the hotel was contracted for as an entirety, and the specific amount to be paid therefor was $17,945.42. The account filed is for $12,000, which cannot, in any sense, be claimed as the specific amount agreed to be paid for building the hotel, or for work to be done thereon. It claims this amount ($12,000) due as per contract. As no such contract was made, and as the account filed does not show the amount and character of the work done or materials furnished, the prices charged therefor, the payments made, if any, and the balance due, it does not conform to the requirements of the statute. Further, as the court has stated, the contract terminated, by the appointment of a receiver, the 27th day of June, 1892. The account to secure a mechanic’s lien was not filed within 30 days from that date.
In Gilman v. Ryan, 95 Va. 494, 28 S. E. 875, the court, after stating that the Code requires a general contractor, in order to obtain a lien for work done and materials furnished, to file, within the time prescribed, in the clerk’s office designated, “an account showing the amount and character of the work done or materials furnished, the prices charged therefor, the payments made, if any, and the ialcmce due,” italicizing the quotations, says:
“The filing of the account is the initial, and one of the most important, steps in the establishment of a mechanic’s lien. A substantial compliance with this provision of the statute has always been regarded as essential to the creation of the lien, and as necessary for the protection of owners, purchasers, and other lien creditors.”
Any account filed under the statute to secure a mechanic’s lien could scarcely impart less information to an examiner of the record than that filed in this cause, as to the amount and character of work done or materials furnished, the prices charged therefor, the payments made, if any, and the balance due.
Analogous to the mechanic’s lien law in Virginia is the labor lien law (sections 2485, 2486), in the same chapter as the mechanic’s lien
"A party desiring* to comply with the requirements of the sections of the Virginia Code that we have heen considering can easily do it, as Ilia information called for is peculiarly within the knowledge of him who is seeking thereby to create a lien on the properly of another, and, if he fails to do so, it is likely for the reason that the full statement of the facts would injure his claim, or because of either ignorance or inadvertence, neither of which will be received as an excuse, especially in cases where the rights of others are affected. The suggestion that the record, as it was made in the clerk’s office, was sufficient to put any one who examined it on his guard, and that it was such notice as would induce a prudent business man to make full inquiry, is, we think, without force. No one is required to go outside of the clerk’s office for the information he is told by the law he can find therein, nor expected to control his conduct by the conflicting statements made by the parties to tlie record; the one asserting, and the other denying, as their respective interests may suggest. The only question in such cases is, has the party claiming the lien observed the commands of the law and been obedient to its requirements ?”
If is unnecessary to die further authorities to show the insufficiency of the account filed by the Withrow Company on which to base a mechanic’s lien. This disposes of all the material questions raised by the exceptions. A decree will be prepared in accordance with the views of the court.