OPINION
Brazosport Bank of Texas appeals an adverse judgment in its suit against Oak Park Townhouses, Flournoy, and others, not parties to this appeal, to collect monies owed pursuant to a promissory note executed by Oak Park and guaranteed by Flournoy. Appellant raises eight points of error challenging the trial court’s construction of Tbx.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 342-508, the jury findings of breach of fiduciary duty, the trial court’s actions during jury deliberations, and the award of attorney’s fees to Flournoy. We reverse the trial court’s judgment.
By letter dated February 24, 1983, appellant advised the Oak Park Townhouses General Partnership (“Oak Park”) of the bank’s approval of a loan to Oak Park in the principal amount of $690,000.00 at an interest rate of ten percent (10%) per an-num. One of the terms of this letter was that Oak Park was to agree to pay the bank a “non-refundable commitment fee equal to $35,000.00 as consideration for the issuance of this commitment for Lender holding funds available to Borrower until such funds are needed to be drawn against.” This paragraph further stated that this fee was “in addition to the interest payable by Borrower....” Jim Truck, the current President of Brazosport Bank, testified that this commitment fee was part of the “interest rate scenario for this loan.” However, Truck later admitted that this fee was a fee charged for making the loan.
*655 Under the terms of this loan, the bank had the option, at any time after the second annual anniversary, upon sixty days notice, to declare the note immediately due and payable. The bank declared the note due on March 15, 1985. The bank renewed the loan at 12% interest with a 2% fee, or a fee of $13,641.44, of which the bank collected only $13,400.00. Oak Park defaulted on this loan and the bank accelerated the note and demanded the full amount. Upon ap-pellees’ failure to pay, Brazosport Bank filed suit to collect the amount due. Appel-lees filed an answer and counterclaim against the bank alleging the bank charged and collected unlawful loan fees, breached the duty of good faith, breached its fiduciary duty, and committed fraud, usury, breach of contract, negligence, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and violations of the DTP A. At the beginning of trial, appellees stipulated that the bank was entitled to recover on the note subject to appellees’ counterclaims and affirmative defenses and, thus, appellees were allowed to open and close by the trial court.
In response to jury question 5, the jury found the $35,000.00 fee was a charge for the making of the loan. In response to question 6, the jury found the $13,400.00 fee was for the renewal of the loan. Based on these jury findings, the trial court held that appellees had established a violation Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 342-508, and thus, rendered judgment that Brazosport had committed usury.
In point of error one, appellant claims the trial court erred in overruling Brazos-port’s motion for judgment on the verdict relating to Oak Park’s usury claim. In point of error two, appellant contends the trial court erred in overruling Brazosport’s motions for directed verdict and motion for judgment n.o.v. on Oak Park’s usury claim because there was no evidence that the loan fees were not authorized by law and because Brazosport established as a matter of law that the loan fees were authorized. In its third point of error, appellant claims the trial court erred in entering judgment for Oak Park on its usury claim because art. 342-508 does not preclude Brazosport from charging interest. We address these points together.
Question 5 inquired whether the $35,-000.00 fee charged by Brazosport Bank was for “(1) the making of the loan; or (2) for services rendered in connection with the making of the loan; or (3) for the purpose of committing BRAZOSPORT BANK OP TEXAS to make the loan at some future date.” The jury found that the $35,000.00 fee was a fee for making the loan. Similarly, jury question 6 asked whether the $13,-400.00 fee was a charge for “(1) the renewal of the loan to OAK PARK; or (2) for services rendered in connection with the making of the loan; or (3) for the purpose of committing BRAZOSPORT BANK OP TEXAS to make the loan at some future date.” The jury found the $13,400.00 fee was a fee for the renewal of the loan.
Based on these jury answers, the trial court made the following findings in its final judgment: (1) that the two fees violated Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 342-508; (2) that Brazosport had collected interest in the amount of $175,146.29; and (3) that the collection of such interest in addition to a loan fee constitutes the collection of interest in excess of that allowed by law since art. 342-508 expressly provides that when a loan fee is charged it shall be in lieu of all interest, and as a result, the statutory penalties for usury are applicable. Based on these findings, the trial court awarded Oak Park three times the interest collected by Brazosport as a penalty for usury and declared a forfeiture of any and all unpaid principal and interest sought by Brazos-port.
Appellant argues that the only findings that would have supported the judgment would have been findings that the two fees were for services rendered in connection with the making of the loan. We agree. At the time of the loan transactions in question art. 342-508 provided:
No bank shall charge or collect any loan fee or any other charge, by whatever name called, for the granting of a loan unless authorized by law. Provided, however, a bank may require an applicant for a loan or discount to pay the *656 cost of any abstract, attorney’s opinion or title insurance policy, or other form of insurance, and filing or recording fees or appraisal fee. Expenses necessary or proper for the protection of the lender, and actually incurred in connection with the making of the loan may be charged. In all loan transactions in which the amount loaned is $100.00 or more and the loan period is one month or more, a bank may charge any borrower the reasonable value of services rendered in connection with the making of any loan, including the drawing of notes, the taking of acknowledgements and affidavits, the preparation of financial statements, and the investigation or analysis of the financial responsibility of the borrower or any endorser, surety or co-signer in an amount agreed upon, but not to exceed $15.00 for each loan transaction, which shall be in lieu of all interest and other charges which could otherwise be collected in connection with the loan.
Act of June 10, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 370, § 1, 1977 Tex.Gen.Laws 1003,
amended by
Act of June 16, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 1196, § 5,1989 Tex.Gen.Laws 4884 (current version at Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 342-508 (Vernon Supp.1992)). This statute prohibits banks from charging fees for the granting of a loan unless the fees are authorized by law. Interest is an authorized charge and is not a violation of art. 342-508.
See
Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 5069-1.01 — 1.12 (Vernon 1987) (defining interest as “compensation allowed by law for the use or forbearance or detention of mon-ey_”). Bona fide commitment fees are also authorized charges as a fee for the purchase of an option permitting the borrower to enter into a loan in the future.
Gonzales County Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Freeman,
A fee for services rendered in connection with the making of the loan is the only fee for which art. 342-508 expressly imposes a penalty. Under this part of the statute, a fee for services rendered in excess of $15.00 precludes a bank from also charging interest on the loan. The jury did not, however, find these two fees to be charges for services rendered. Rather, the jury found that these two charges were fees for making or renewing the loan. The first sentence of art. 342-508 provides that no bank may charge a fee for the granting of a loan unless authorized by law. Although this part of the statute does not express a penalty for violation and no case law has interpreted this part of the statute, we interpret this sentence to impose the penalty of disallowance of the fee. Because the jury found the two fees were not charges for services rendered, the trial court erred in holding that the jury findings precluded Brazosport from charging interest in addition to the fee.
Although the jury found that these two fees were for the making of a loan, such fees do not violate art. 342-508 if they are fees authorized by law. Thus, we must next determine whether the evidence establishes that these fees were unauthorized. Appellant contends no evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the fees were unauthorized and that, in fact, the evidence established as a matter of law that the two fees constituted interest, a charge authorized by statute and by the Texas Constitution. As to the $35,000.00 fee for the original loan, the evidence is inconclusive. The letter from Brazosport to Oak Park approving the original loan called the fee a commitment fee as “consideration for the issuance of this commitment for the Lender holding funds available....” The letter further stated that this fee was in addition to the interest payable on the loan. The President of Brazosport Bank, however, testified that the commitment fee was actually part of the interest on the loan. This testimony and the letter would support a finding that the fee was an authorized charge, either as interest or as a bona fide commitment fee. Subsequent testimony by *657 the bank president, however, tends to support a finding that this was a fee for the granting of the loan. The bank president agreed that this fee was for making the loan. Based on this evidence, we cannot say that the evidence conclusively showed that the $35,000.00 fee was interest.
Because the evidence does not conclusively show that the $35,000.00 fee was interest or any other charge authorized by law, we must uphold the trial court’s finding that this fee violated art. 342-508. The first sentence of art. 342-508 precludes a bank from charging a fee for the making of a loan unless the fee is authorized by law. This sentence does not state that, if such a fee is charged, it is in lieu of all interest. Thus, although we uphold the trial court’s finding of a violation of art. 342-508, we find that the trial court erred in holding that the $35,000.00 fee was in lieu of all interest and in further holding that the bank violated the usury statutes by collecting interest in addition to this fee. Because we believe the penalty for imposing an unauthorized fee under the first sentence of art. 342-508 is disallowance of the fee, the trial court should have simply awarded Oak Park this $35,000.00 fee plus legal interest thereon.
As to the $13,400.00 fee paid for renewal of the loan, the jury found that this fee was not for services rendered, but was for the renewal of the loan. The evidence showed that this was a 2% fee charged for the renewal of the original loan after default. A letter from the Bra-zosport Bank to Clark Flournoy, a partner in the Oak Park Townhouses General Partnership, stated that the bank would consider refinancing the loan for an additional two year period at a rate of 12% for a 2% fee. In his testimony about this fee, the bank president called the 2% fee a payment of two “points” or an advance payment of 2% interest. We find no evidence showing that this fee constituted anything other than interest. Thus, we agree with appellant that no evidence established that the 2% fee upon renewal of the loan was a charge unauthorized by law. Because no evidence establishes that the $13,400.00 fee was unauthorized by law, the trial court erred to the extent it found this fee to be a violation of art. 342-508. We sustain points of error one, two, and three.
In points of error four and five, appellant claims the trial court erred in overruling Brazosport's motions for directed verdict and motion for judgment n.o.v. on the fiduciary duty claims asserted by Oak Park and Flournoy and erred in entering judgment on these claims because the evidence was legally and factually insufficient. Jury questions 8 and 8(A)-8(I) asked whether Brazosport and Oak Park entered into a joint venture and whether the two parties had a “special relationship.” Based on affirmative findings to these questions, the jury then reached and answered affirmatively the questions whether the loan transactions were unfair and whether Brazos-port breached its fiduciary duty. Appellant challenges the evidence supporting the jury’s findings of a joint venture and a special relationship.
We turn first to appellees’ claim that appellant did not preserve its right to challenge the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury finding of a joint venture because it did not raise this claim in its motion for new trial. Appellant argues that it raised a factual insufficiency claim in its Motion Objecting to Entry of the Judgment and Motion for Judgment N.O.V. Citing
Taylor v. Trans-Continental Properties, Ltd.,
In
Taylor,
the court addressed the timeliness of a motion to extend time to file the record.
Here, appellant argues it preserved its claim of factual insufficiency as to the finding of a joint venture by filing its Objection to Motion for Entry of Judgment and Motion for Judgment N.O.V. Appellant argues that this motion was in substance a motion for new trial. In Taylor, however, the motion essentially asked the court to set aside the judgment and to order removal for arbitration in accordance with the contractual provision for arbitration at the option of either party. Id. at 876. Here, the motion did not ask the trial court to set aside the judgment. Rather, the motion was in response to appellees’ motion for entry of judgment and it requested entry of judgment n.o.v. Furthermore, appellant filed a motion for new trial in which it alleged no evidence supporting the jury finding of a joint venture. This motion did not allege factually insufficient evidence to support the joint venture finding. Based on these facts, we hold that the Objection to Motion for Entry of Judgment and Motion for Judgment N.O.V. is not in substance a motion for new trial. Thus, appellant has not preserved its claim of factual insufficiency of the evidence as to the jury finding of joint venture.
We turn to appellant’s claim that no evidence supports the jury’s finding of a joint venture because there is no evidence of an agreement to share losses. A joint venture must be based on an express or implied agreement.
Coastal Plains Dev. Corp. v. Micrea, Inc.,
As additional consideration for the original loan, the Oak Park Townhouses general partnership assigned a portion of their profits interest in the Oak Park Townhouses project to Brazosport Bank. Because of this agreement to share profits, appellees argue that, under
Austin v. Truly,
In
Truly,
the parties entered into a “Joint Venture Agreement” which set out the interests of the various parties.
Couder v. Gomez
involved a suit by a partner to recover his interest in the assets of a business.
Appellant argues that these cases are inapplicable because the issue in
Couder
and
Truly
was how to divide losses incurred by a partnership or joint venture that was, without dispute, in existence. Appellant also cites cases involving a determination whether a joint venture exists which hold that a showing of an agreement to share losses is required.
See Coastal Plains,
The agreement in this case, entitled “Assignment of Profits Interest,” provided that upon sale of the property for a purchase price in excess of $725,000.00, Bra-zosport Bank would receive ten percent (10%) of the excess value. This agreement specifically states that Oak Park, as assign- or, was responsible for all liabilities and obligations incurred in connection with the project. Under the commitment letter, Brazosport Bank agreed to collect rents at the project for a monthly fee of $500.00. Because the evidence does not indicate an agreement to share losses, no evidence supported the jury finding of a joint venture.
Absent a finding of a joint venture, we may uphold the finding of a breach of fiduciary duty only if the evidence otherwise supports the existence of a fiduciary relationship between the parties. A fiduciary relationship may arise from informal moral, social, domestic, or personal dealings as well as from technical relationships such as attorney-client.
See Thigpen v. Locke,
In response to jury question 8C, the jury found that Brazosport Bank breached its fiduciary duty to Oak Park and Clark Flournoy in the following ways:
ANSWER
1. by accelerating the maturity of Oak Park’s indebtedness on March 15, 1985? Yes
2. by requiring C. FLOUR-NOY to sign an unlimited guaranty agreement? Yes
3. by increasing the rate of interest to OAK PARK from ten (10.0) per cent to twelve (12.0) per cent? Yes
4. by charging OAK PARK a two (2.0) per cent renewal fee? Yes
Based on these findings, the jury awarded $400,763.61 as the fair and reasonable value of the compensation, benefits, or profits received by Brazosport in the transactions between the parties. In response to jury questions 8E and 8F, the jury found that Claiborne breached his fiduciary duty to both Oak Park and Clark Flournoy and that Brazosport Bank knowingly induced or participated with Claiborne in this breach. In response to jury question 8G, the jury found that Brazosport Bank benefitted from this breach of fiduciary duty. Based on these findings, the jury was asked to determine the amount of money that would fairly and reasonably compensate Oak Park, Flournoy, or both, for damages proximately caused by Claiborne’s breach of fiduciary duty and Brazosport’s knowing inducement and participation in such breach. The jury awarded no damages to Oak Park, but awarded Flournoy $43,553.64.
As evidence of a special relationship, ap-pellees point to the interrelated members of Brazosport and Oak Park. Charles Claiborne testified that he was a director of Brazosport until late 1983 or 1984 and that *660 he was a partner in Oak Park. Claiborne was no longer a bank director when the bank accelerated the note in 1985. Jim Meadows was President of Brazosport and was, at one time, also a partner in Oak Park. Meadows testified that he told Claiborne in 1982 he wanted out of the partnership. The evidence does not conclusively show, however, when Meadows terminated his interest. Claiborne testified that Meadows was not a partner when the bank made the loan to Oak Park.
Appellee contends the interrelationship of members of Oak Park and Brazosport supports a finding of a fiduciary relationship based on case law regarding the fiduciary relation of directors to corporations. These cases hold that transactions between corporations with common board members are subject to close scrutiny and are presumptively fraudulent.
See Corsicana Nat’l Bank v. Johnson,
We turn next to the claims of breach of fiduciary duty against Claiborne. Claiborne was a director of Brazosport Bank until 1984 and a partner in Oak Park. The jury found that Claiborne breached his fiduciary duty to Oak Park and Clark Flournoy, and that Brazosport Bank knowingly participated in this breach. As general partner, Claiborne owed a fiduciary duty to the other limited partners.
See Crenshaw,
Appellees offer the following as evidence supporting the jury findings: (1) Notwithstanding the stated 30-year term of the original note, Meadows and Claiborne understood that Brazosport never intended to permit the loan to go past two years; (2) Brazosport did not approve the loan in the customary manner; (3) Claiborne failed to disclose to the other partners the essential terms of the original loan transaction; (4) Claiborne agreed to let Brazosport have an assignment of profits and to collect rents on the property; (5) Brazosport knew Claiborne had a conflict of interest given his simultaneous positions as director of Brazosport and general partner of Oak Park; and (6) Despite knowledge of the conflict of interest, Brazosport dealt exclusively with Claiborne and did nothing to ensure that Claiborne disclosed all facts to the other Oak Park partners.
The commitment letter for the original loan stated the term of the loan was 360 months at 10% interest. This letter also stated the bank had the option at anytime, after two years and with notice, to declare the note immediately due and payable. No conditions limited this option. All of the partners approved this commitment, indicating their agreement to its terms, including the bank’s option to call the loan in two *661 years for any reason. Whether or not Meadows or Claiborne knew the bank intended to call the loan in two years, the partners were fully aware of this provision and agreed to it.
This letter further required all partners to guarantee the note. In particular, the letter specified that Flournoy would have liability limited to $300,000.00. The letter also stated that the bank would receive a profit interest and would maintain records regarding rents for a $500.00 monthly fee. All of the partners, including Flournoy, signed this letter indicating their acceptance and agreement to its terms and conditions. Thus, all of the terms of the original loan were disclosed and agreed to by the partners.
As to approval of the loan by the bank’s loan committee, James Truck, Executive Vice President of Brazosport at the time of the loan, testified that the loan committee held a formal meeting and approved the loan four or five days after the commitment was issued. Truck added that the loan was discussed with the individual board members before the date of the commitment and they informally authorized its issuance. Truck agreed that the ordinary practice of the bank was to get loan committee approval for such loans before issuance of a commitment.
The evidence shows that all of the terms of the loan transaction were disclosed to the partners and they approved and agreed to this transaction. In
Corsicana Nat’l Bank,
the Supreme Court stated that transactions between two corporations “resulting from the agency of officers or directors acting at the same time for both must be deemed presumptively fraudulent, unless expressly authorized or ratified by the stockholders.”
In summary, we find the trial court erred in granting judgment in favor of appellees because: (1) there was no evidence that the $13,400.00 fee was an unauthorized fee and thus, no evidence that this fee violated art. 342-508; (2) there was no evidence of an element requisite to the existence of a joint venture; and (3) there was no evidence of breach of fiduciary duty by appellant. Although we have upheld the trial court’s finding that the $35,000.00 fee violated art. 342-508, we find that the trial court erred in holding that the charging of this fee was in lieu of all interest which could otherwise be collected on the note and that the collection of interest in addition to this fee constituted usury. Rather, the trial court should have held that the penalty for this violation of art. 342-508 was disallowance of the $35,000.00 fee.
Appellees stipulated at the beginning of trial that appellant was entitled to recover the amount due on the note. Because we have rejected the trial court’s findings that would preclude appellant from recovering on the note, appellant should recover the principal amount due on the note of $426,-000.00 plus interest due thereon from December 21, 1986 through the date of judgment with an offset for the $35,000.00 fee that was in violation of art. 342-508. Appellant is also entitled to an award of reasonable attorney’s fees since the promissory note so provided. We therefore reverse the judgment and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion and for a determination of the amount of interest due on the note and the amount of attorney’s fees to be awarded in favor of appellant.