289 F. 329 | 4th Cir. | 1923
Lead Opinion
The plaintiff in error was the defendant below and will be so styled here. He was indicted and convicted under section 65 of the Criminal Code (Comp. St. § 10233), which, among other things, makes it an offense forcibly to assault any officer of the internal revenue in the execution of his duty. He testified in his own behalf, and no legally material fact is in dispute; his account of what took place being in every respect of any moment in law identical with that given by the witnesses for the government.
One Smith was a federal estate tax examiner and as such an officer of the internal revenue. In the discharge of his duties he came to Beaufort, S. C., to investigate the estate of one George Waterhouse, deceased. In the course of his inquiries, apparently at the invitation of one Richardson, president of the Beaufort Bank, he visited that gentleman at the latter’s office and was talking to him about the estate in question, when the defendant appeared at the open door of the office. Smith, supposing that the defendant had some business with Richardson, offered to wait until the newcomer had had his interview with the bank president. Richardson, however, said that was not necessary; that the defendant was a brother-in-law of the deceased and would be interested in what Smith was doing. The defendant came in, was introduced, and the three seated themselves around a table. Smith continued his inquiries about the Waterhouse estate. All those present testified, and no one of them suggests that anything else was talked about. In the course of the conversation, a question was raised as to the rent yielded by some real estate, a one-half interest in which had belonged to the deceased. Smith seemed to both the defendant and Richardson to be disposed to cross-examine them, and to be unwilling to accept everything they said at its face value; but neither of them claims that he used-any abusive language, or said anything to which exception could properly be taken. His manner, however, was irritating to the defendant. He asked Richardson what the building rented for. Richardson answered, “I could not tell you; Bray can tell us.” Smith thereupon turned to the defendant and said, “What do you get for the building? ” Bray replied, “Mr. Smith, I don’t know that it would be any good to tell you; you don’t seem to believe what I tell-you; it looks as if you think that.” Bray testified that thereupon Smith “rared back” in his chair and said, “I will malee you tell me.” Smith’s own version of what he said was, “If you know the value of them [the properties], and you are the agent, I have the authority to
It is earnestly urged on us, as it was upon the trial court, that he could not be convicted unless his purpose in assaulting Smith was to impede or obstruct him in the discharge of his duties, and that unless such intent existed it mattered not what the inevitable effect of that which he did was, or that the only cause of quarrel he had with the prosecuting witness was the way in which the latter discharged-his official duties. The assault, in the absence of the intent in question, it is insisted, was punishable by the courts of South Carolina and by them alone, and the United States courts had no jurisdiction to deal with it in any way. We have been referred to cases arising under statutes by which a particular intent is made an element of the offense, as for example, when an intent to defraud must be shown before one, may be convicted of obstructing or misapplying the funds of a national bank. Such decisions are not applicable here. The statute now under, consideration forbids a forcible “assault” upon the officer “in the execution of his duty.” There must therefore be an assault, as that offense is defined at common law; that is to say, there must be present the intent which the common law made an element of the crime, and the person assaulted must have been an officer then engaged in the discharge of his official duties. When he is so engaged is to be determined by common sense every day practical tests. The courts will not in-., dulge in nice refinements which would take from the servants of the government almost all of the protection intended to be given them. In re Neagle, 135 U. S. 1, 10 Sup. Ct. 658, 34 L. Ed. 55, and cases there cited; U. S. v. McEwan (C. C.) 44 Fed. 594.
It is not suggested that the defendant supposed himself to have any-grievance against Smith, other than the manner in which the latter asked questions relating to the taxable value of the estate being inquired into. The defendant knew that Smith was a revenue officer, and as such was trying to find out what was the worth of the property m question, and it is not contended that anything said or done by Smith would, at common law, have justified an assault upon him. We are therefore relieved from any inquiry as to whether knowledge by the-assailant of the official character of the person attacked and of the work in which he is engaged is an indispensable element of the offense,
Under the indictment, there was no other offense of a lesser degree of which the defendant could have been convicted. The federal courts have no common-law criminal jurisdiction. “The legislative authority of the Union must first make an act a crime, affix a punishment to it, and declare the court that shall have jurisdiction of the offense.” U. S. v. Hudson, 7 Cranch, 32, 3 L. Ed. 259. The only federal statute providing for the punishment of common assault is found in section 276 of the Criminal Code (Comp. St. § 10449), and its application is expressly limited to assaults committed in places within either the exclusive or the admiralty jurisdiction of the United States. There is, of course, no constitutional power in Congress to prohibit or to punish assaults committed in the territorial limits of the state of South Carolina, unless they in some way interfere with the operations of the federal government.
What has been said disposes of most of the assignments of error, or indeed of all of them, except those which relate to the matter or manner of the charge of the learned judge below. The defendant’s own testimony amounted to an admission of every material allegation of the indictment, and the judge did not go beyond his duty when he made that fact plain to the jury.. The greater part of the somewhat lengthy charge was devoted to a careful and accurate application of the law to the undisputed facts, and is not open to criticism. Before bringing it to an end the learned judge felt called upon to comment in regrettably caustic language upon some suggestions which, on behalf of the defendant in argument or otherwise, had apparently been made to the jury. They were, so far as can be judged, altogether irrelevant. To the learned judge they seemed to be attempts to induce the jurors to go counter to the law and evidence by appeals to their sympathies and their prejudices. They appear to have stressed the cowardly way in which the prosecuting witness submitted to the blows and indignities which were visited upon him, and to have called attention to me assumed fact that he was a man from Boston and the defendant a Southern gentleman. It goes without saying that such arguments, if they were made, were improper. The judge not only could,’but should, have promptly stopped counsel who attempted to make them, and in some dear and positive way, have made the jurors understand that they would violate their oaths if they gave consideration to them. Instead of adopting that method, the learned judge allowed counsel to proceed and reserved his criticism for the closing passages of his charge to the jury. He first dealt with the suggestion that the defendant should not be convicted because the government official was a coward. Among other things he told the jury:
“This fellow Smith may be a coward; but a coward has a' right to live and perform his duties. And he is not to be beaten up by a bully or a swashbuckler, because he is a coward.”
Subsequently, and before the jury retired, he said that he did not intend to apply those epithets to the defendant. Explaining:
*333 “I said that the argument that a man is justified in beating another under the circumstances of this case and insulting him would be to style such a one a bully and a swashbuckler.”
The closing passages of the charge were:
“Argument has been made to you, gentlemen, as to the witness Smith, about his being what is called man from Boston’—‘a lawyer from Boston.’ ‘A red-blooded man,’ the defendant is called; • ‘a gentleman resenting an insult.’ No such argument as that should be addressed to a jury sworn to perform their duties in this court! No such argument! It does not matter where this man came from, he is entitled to the respect which the law gives him. It does not matter whether he is a coward. On the contrary, a brave man should respect the weakness of his brother. Now, here in this case, you were told that this other man is a gentleman. You were to consider him as a gentleman smarting under an insult. There are two sides to that for you to consider. This man Smith was sitting there. The defendant was the heavier and the bigger man. In old times, they had what was called the duel. The defendants notified each other, and each man stood up fairly in conflict. In other times, one told his antagonist to get his pistol, and the first time they met, to shoot. Ordinarily you say, T am going to give you a. beating;. nut up your fists and take it!’ In this case there was no sign, no word. This fellow Smith was sitting in his chair, and without a word of notice to him, the first blow struck was sufficient to disable him! Gentlemen, a rattlesnake coiled in the grass sounds his rattle before he strikes! Not only that—you .may call it ‘the white feather’ if you wish; but here was this fellow Smith showing the white feather, pleading and begging. All he wanted to do, they say, was to get away, run—when he did once run. Is a man to be excused from a violent battery upon the theory that he beats a man who is running?
“There is no greater misuse or more shameful misapplication of the word ‘Southern gentleman’ than as applied to a bully who walks around with a chip on his shoulder to attack or beat a weaker human being. If he is a Southern gentleman, he has the sensibility and the knowledge to know that weakness and fear should be their own shields! You heard what followed. He went on, not only to strike him so as to disable him. but took a bleeding man, who was pleading with him, saying that he desired to explain in the performance of his duties there, that he is required to do it in the performance of his duties, and struck him again. Then he took a chair, as if he had been going to beat him with it, and slapped him again, until this poor craven wretch (if you choose to call him such; but he had the robe of the law around him!) fled, for his own protection! That is the ease for you. I charge you that this man Smith, under the uncontradicted testimony in this case, was in that room there in pursuance of his duties, and that no words had passed which at law would justify a blow; none! Although, by what is called ‘the unwritten law’ in the South, if a man insults you grossly by telling you you are a liar, you respond with a blow—but no word of that kind had passed. And if he is a sifialler man than you, if you are a Southerner and a gentleman, you don’t use your strength to beat him up, when you find him incapable. Not even a dog—a dog when he is torn by his antagonist, when he lies down in the street and holds up his forepaws and whines—he leaves him alone! It is for you to say. I charge you, you are a jury sworn to execute the law. You are not to consider anything that is not allowed by law1 in palliation of his offense. The only thing you are to consider in this case, this man being in the discharge of his duties, is whether he was violently assaulted and interfered with in the discharge of them; and if you so find, I charge you it is your duty to find the defendant guilty. But that fact is for you.”
All that by way of comment need be said on what has been quoted is that it would necessitate the reversal of the judgment below if, up-o.n any conceivable construction of anything in the testimony, it would have been possible for a reasonable man to have reached any other ver
“The facts were not in dispute, and what he did was to say so, and to lay down the law applicable to them. In such a case, obviously the function of the jury, if they did their duty, is little more than formal. The judge cannot direct a verdict, it is true, and the jury has the power to bring in a verdict in the teeth of both law and facts. But the judge always has the right and duty to tell them what the law is upon this or that state of facts that may be found, and he can do the same none the less when the facts are agreed. If the facts are agreed, the judge may state that fact also, and when there is no dispute he may say so, although there has been no formal agreement. Perhaps there was a regrettably peremptoriousness of tone; but the jury were allowed the technical right, if it can be called so, to decide against tTae law and the facts, and that is all there was left for them, after the defendant-and his witnesses toolc the stand. If the defendant suffered any wrong, it was purely formal, since, as we have said, on the facts admitted there was no doubt of his guilt. Act Feb. 26, 1919, c. 48, 40 Stat. 1181, amending section 269 of the Judicial Code.”
The principle announced by the Supreme Court in the construction of the Act of February 26, 1919, is in accordance with that which has been stated and applied by this court. Sneierson v. United States (C. C. A.) 264 Fed. 268; Dye v. United States (C. C. A.) 262 Fed. 6. In the instant case, subject to criticism as the charge is, the learned judge distinctly told the jury that they had the power to acquit. As to that, he left them under no possible misconception.
Affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). Whether the evidence in this case be considered from the. viewpoint of establishing the charge, specifically made in the indictment against the accused, of assaulting an officer in the discharge of his duty, with the intent to threaten to attack and kill such officer, or to commit a simple assault upon him, still, in either event, a careful consideration of the same will demonstrate the absence of anything like a malicious or felonious assault; and, on the contrary, what occurred was the result of a sudden outburst of passion between two strangers, arising doubtless from misunderstanding on the part of each, and from which a fisticuff of, short duration, and without serious result, followed. In my judgment, the evidence shows a simple assault, which is covered by the indictment (Rev. Stat; § 1035 [Comp. St. § 1701]; Criminal Code, § 276 [Comp.
It seems to me .that the court was in error in taking from the jury the determination of the character of the assault committed, as it was in much of the general charge it gave. Hicks v. United States. 150 U. S. 442, 452, 453, 14 Sup. Ct. 144, 37 L. Ed. 1137; Starr v. United States, 153 U. S. 614, 624, 626, 14 Sup. Ct. 919, 38 L. Ed. 841; Hickory v. United States, 160 U. S. 408, 423, 424, 425, 16 Sup. Ct. 327, 40 L. Ed. 474. I cannot give my assent to the affirmance óf a judgment that would impose upon a peaceable and orderly citizen and business man of good standing in the community in which he lived the serious consequences. that would follow therefrom, for an affair of such trivial character as shown by the testimony, even when taken most unfavorably against the accused. The authorities cited by the majority, especially those of Horning v. District of Columbia, 254 U. S. 135, 41 Sup. Ct. 53, 65 L. Ed. 185, Dye v. United States (C. C. A.) 262 Fed. 6, and Sneierson v. United States (C. C. A.) 264 Fed. 268, have, in my judgment, no material bearing on this case, under its peculiar facts and circumstances.
The judgment of the trial court clearly should be reversed, and a new trial awarded.
