47 F. 178 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of West Virginia | 1891
This suit was instituted on the 8th day of August, 1881, in the circuit court of the county of Webster, in the state of West Yir
Prior to the creation of the state of West Virginia, Allen T. Caperton, then a citizen of Virginia, was seised in fee of large tracts of land situated in thecounties of Webster and Nicholas, now in the state of West Virginia. He derived his title mediately from various grants of the commonwealth of Virginia, — one issued to Robert Morris on the 2d day of March, 1795, for 153,900 acres of land; another, issued to Abner Cloud for 5,000 acres, dated March 10,1790; another, issued to A. C. and D. B. Layne, for 2,738 acres, dated September 1, 1851; also two grants issued to Austin Hollister, — one for 9,333 acres, dated November 1, 1855; and another, for 5,938 acres, dated February 1, 1858. These surveys were coterminous surveys, binding on each other, and, under the laws of the state, constituted one tract. The said grants to Robert Morris and Cloud being older than that to McCreery, under which the defendants claim, which will be noticed hereafter, gave to said Morris and Cloud the constructive possession of the whole of the lands included within the bounds of their respective grants, of which they were not, and could not be, divested by the junior grant to McCreery; and this possession passed to and vested in each of the grantees in the several deeds of conveyance of said lands mentioned in the bill down to and including the said Allen T. Caperton, the ancestor of the plaintiffs, as to that part of the lands so granted to Robert Morris, purchased by him as appears hereafter, and the 5,000 acres granted to Cloud; and the same is true as to the tracts granted to A. C. and D. B. Layne, and to Austin Hollister. Under the laws of Virginia the title to all the lands included in these grants was in the commonwealth of Virginia at the date of the said grants, and the said Caperton not only acquired a good and valid title to all of said lands under his deeds therefor, but the constructive possession thereof also; and, as each of the said tracts adjoined and were contiguous to his other lands, above named, his actual possession of those lands hereinafter mentioned extended to and over these several tracts also, from and after the dates of his deeds therefor. The bill alleges, and the pleadings and proofs sustain the allegation, that Caperton had a regular chain of title from the commonwealth of Virginia down to himself for the lands in controversy. This is conceded; but it is claimed by the defendants that he has been divested of his title by reason of adverse holdings and by a forfeiture of his lands. It therefore becomes necessary to investigate, first, the question of his possession of the lands in controversy, and whether there were any parties holding adversely for a period of time sufficient to ripen their claims into an absolute title.
The next question that invites the attention of the court is the question of forfeiture. That we may have a clear conception of this question it is necessary to refer somewhat to the history of the country during the late war. The county of Webster, in -which the great body of this land lay, was created in 1860, and, the war coming on in 1861, no land-books for that county, in this state or in Virginia, were made out until after the war, in the year 1866. In that year the lands -were regularly entered on the land-books of Webster and Nicholas counties in the name of Caperton, and taxes charged thereon from year to year, which were all paid by him to and including the year 1878. For the year 1874 they were returned delinquent for the non-payment of taxes, and in the month of September, 1875, the whole of them were sold for taxes, and purchased by the state of West Virginia. Under the law of the state, Caperton had a right to redeem said lands from sale within one year from its date, and during that period of time the state acquired no title to the land, but the title remained in the party who held it at the time of sale. In the month of June, 1876, three months before the period for redemption of the lands had expired, Caperton died intestate, leaving the plaintiffs in this action his heirs at law, with the same right to redeem the lands that their ancestor had, which, however, they failed to do, and thereupon the lands became forfeited to the state of West Virginia, and subject to sale for the benefit of the general school fund. Under the forfeiture, proceedings were commenced in the circuit courts of the counties of Nicholas and Webster to sell the lands for the benefit of the school fund, when the plaintiffs in this action, as the former owners of said land, filed their petitions in the circuit courts of said counties for their redemption from forfeiture, in pursuance of the statutes of the state enacted for that purpose. Upon these proceedings decrees were entered allowing the former owners to redeem the lands upon the payment of the taxes, interest, costs, and damages due the state, which they did, whereby they became reinvested wdth the title to the land, unless the title thereto had vested in the defendants, or some of them, as claimed by the defendants in this suit, to which we wall hereafter refer. Prior to the creation of the state of West Virginia there were large bodies of land west of the Alleghany mountains, in Virginia, designated and known as “waste and unappropriated lands,” which belonged to the mother commonwealth. Under the law' as it then existed these lands were subject to entry and survey by any one who would purchase the land-warrants for that purpose from the register of the land-office of Virginia. The purchaser would locate his warrants on any land owned by the commonwealth. It did not sell him any particular parcel of land;
In this case, as the evidence shows, John B. Shreve, an old surveyor, had in some way obtained possession of the official record-book of surveys made in Randolph county, Va., prior to the year 1800. He lived in the county of Upshur, and his possession of that book, so far as appears, was illegal. It contained the record of many large surveys made in Randolph county, which were afterwards embraced in the counties of Nicholas and Webster, both of which counties are now parts of the state of West Virginia, and it formed the ground-work of the illegal and fraudulent scheme worked up by Shreve, as shown by the pleadings and evidence in this cause. While the surveys showed the names of persons for whom they were made, they did not show which of them had been carried into grant. Shreve, being an old man, had learned from the surveyor who made the surveys in question in this suit their location and boundary lines, so as to enable him to identify them. None of the tracts of land contained in these surveys were entered on the land-books of Webster or Nicholas counties, or any other county in the state of West Virginia, until Shreve had them entered and charged with taxes on the land-books of Webster and other counties for the year 1868 in the names of the several persons for whom they had been surveyed or granted, so far as known. After the entries were made, they were returned delinquent for the taxes for that year, and were sold for the non-payment of the taxes so charged and not paid. When Shreve had these lands as
Among the different tracts Shrove caused to be entered in this way, which interfered with the lands of the plaintiffs in question in this suit, are the following: One of 100,000 acres, granted to William McCreery, on the 21st day of January, 1796; but this grant is a younger one than those to Morris and Cloud, under which, in part, the plaintiffs claim, and, being an inclusive survey, did not pass to McCreery any land which had been previously granted. The next was a tract of 12,500 acres, which was surveyed in the name of George Messingbird; but while the land-books of Randolph county showed the survey to have been made, (from which Shreve took his copies,) the evidence clearly shows that it was never filed in the land-office of Virginia, and that no patent for any such tract was ever granted to any one. The next is a tract of 105,000 acres, in the name of James Welch, which the proofs show was never granted to any one. There being no grants for either the 12,500 acres or the 105,-000 acres, although a survey had been made upon the surveyor’s books of Randolph county, at the dates referred to, the land still remained in the commonwealth of Virginia, now West Virginia, and no title passed to any one, and their entry upon the land-books of Webster, Nicholas, and other counties was an attempt to make a title which never in fact existed. The next ivas a tract of 58,000 acres. The evidence shows that, if this survey was ever made, it was never filed in the land-office of Virginia, and carried into grant. But it is shown by the evidence that Banks made 58 contiguous surveys, amounting in the aggregate to 58,500 acres, numbered consecutively from 1 to 53, but that only 4.3 of said surveys were ever filed in the land-office of Virginia, and that grants were only issued to Banks for 9 of them, amounting to 9,000 acres. It is very clear from the evidence that, while a portion of those lands lie within a portion of the grants under which the plaintiffs claim, yet all of the 9 tracts granted to Banks lie entirely outside of the lands of the plaintiffs as claimed in this action. But, if this were not so, the same question of fraudulent entry of these several tracts of land exists as to them, to which I have heretofore referred. Shreve had no legal connection with, and no legal interest in, nor any legal title whatever to, any of them, and the evidence does not show that he was authorized by any of the heirs of Banks or those claiming under him to have these lands assessed with the back taxes and entered upon the assessor’s books. As I have before stated, this is not only so in reference to the Banks tracts, but is equally so in reference to the tracts heretofore referred to; and therefore his acts in this instance were in plain violation of law, and the entry of those lands upon the assessor’s books, being in plain violation of law, was void, and the sale of these lands lor the non-payment of taxes for the year 1868 was illegal and void, and the parties who became the purchasers at that tax-sale acquired neither an equitable nor legal title to the lands sold at that time under the circumstances surrounding that sale.
As to the McCreery tract, this tract was entered on the land-books of Nicholas county, Va., and charged in the name of William McCreery, the
“Sec. 2. All lands in this state heretofore vested in the state of Virginia by forfeiture or by purchase at the sheriffs’ sales for delinquent taxes, and not released or exonerated by the laws thereof, or by the operation of the seventh section of the ninth article of the constitution of this state, may be redeemed by the former owners, by payment into the treasury of this state, upon the certificate of the auditor, of the amount of taxes and damages due thereon at the time of such redemption, on or before the twentieth day of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-eight. Sec. 3. All waste and unappropriated lands within this state, and all lands in this state heretofore vested in the state of Virginia by forfeiture or by purchase at the sheriffs’ sales for delinquent taxes, not released and exonerated, or redeemed in the manner prescribed in the second section of this act, shall be sold for the benefit of the school fund, in the manner hereinafter directed. ”
The evidence shows that the former owner of this tract of land failed to redeem it from forfeiture, as provided by the constitution and laws of West Virginia, and the right to do so expired on the 20th day of June, 1868, and from and after that day the tract was absolutely irredeemable by any person whatsoever, and, as I have before stated in regard- to the other tracts, the entry of this tract of land by Shreve on the land-books of Nicholas county was unlawful and void for any purpose. If it could have been entered for taxation at all in 1868, Shreve had no right to enter it, because he was neither the owner, nor had he any visible interest in it; and the owner of it, if living, could not have had it entered without having paid the back taxes and damages for which it was sold in 1850, and the taxes which had accrued since that time upon it. The title to all the lands so procured by Shreve to be entered on said land-books and charged with taxes thereon, which are in question in this suit, being in the state of West Virginia, they were not subject to entry in the land-books of any county, nor liable to taxation; and the entry of said lands in the land-books, and the charge of taxes thereon, were illegal, null, and void. Alter Shreve had the lands entered on the land-books with the view of securing a sale, the parties from Pennsylvania, with, whom he had been in correspondence, made him a visit, and he went with them on the lands, and entered into an agreement with them whereby they were to become the purchasers. Subsequently one Albert Owen, of the same state, also negotiated with him in regard to the purchase of
At this point I might refer to the question arising upon the papers, as to the effect of the inclusive survey. I might also consider the validity of the junior patents under which the plaintiffs claim; but, in the view 1 take of this case, I deem it unnecessary. And in this connection it must not he forgotten that, while Shreve and his confederates were executing this scheme, the plaintiffs, and those under whom they claim, were in the quiet possession of the lands in controversy, under a regular chain of title, paying the taxes thereon to the state.
Before considering the evidence of the defendants relating to possession, I will notice their effort to protect themselves under the tax-sales of the title of Viscount de Fleury. Their connection with this sale is of the same fraudulent character as that we have heretofore referred to. There is no evidence in this cause to show that Do Fleury ever had any title to the 100,000 acres of land sold in his name and purchased by the defendants. It was never charged on the land-books in his name in Webster comity prior to 1870. When it was placed on the land-books of Webster county by parties who had no legal right to do so, it was clearly another step in the furtherance of the fraud running all the way through this case. Such action finds no countenance in a court of equity, and for this reason, if for no other, we must hold it fraudulent, which vitiates the so-called title of the defendants tliuH acquired to this tract of land. The next act of the defendant Bich to better his title was his effort to have a portion of the Welch lands entered and sold in the name of Francis Hyland. The evidence shows that no such survey was ever filed in the land-office of Virginia, and that no grant ever issued thereon, and no such tract was ever charged with taxes on the land-books of either state until this effort to manufacture a title in this manner, The
So far I have considered the question of title to the lands in controversy up to the date of the forfeiture of the Caper ton title. When Caperton died intestate, as already stated, he was seised and possessed, both in law and in fact, of a fee-simple estate in the lands claimed by him. After his death the lands descended in this condition to his heirs at law, who are the plaintiffs in this action, and they so held them up to the time of the forfeiture to the state of West Virginia. As I have before said, they, by proper proceedings under the laws of the state, redeemed the lands, and became reinvested with the title, so that at the institution of this suit their chain of title was in itself complete. This disposes of the position of the defendants that the plaintiffs have no title to the lands in question, or any part of them, and cannot, therefore, maintain this action.
The next obstacle presented by the defendants is that the law authorizing the redemption of forfeited lairds is unconstitutional. This question has been settled by the supreme court of this state, (Waggoner v. Wolf, 28 W. Va. 820,) in which they hold the statute allowing the redemption to be constitutional. The next contention of the defendants is that, if the redemption is legal, still the deeds acquired under the tax-sale furnish them with a sufficient color of title upon which to found an adverse possession, which, if continued for the period of the statutory bar, ripens into and becomes an absolute title, which would be a bar to the recovery of the lands in controversy by the plaintiffs; and further, that if their possession should be held insufficient to defeat a recovery in an action at law, still it is sufficient to enable them to take the benefit of the forfeited title of the plaintiffs under the present constitution and laws of the state. I have previously discussed the evidence of the plaintiffs on the question of possession, and therefore deem it unnecessary to pass upon it now, except so far as it is necessary to the proper consideration of the two positions of the defendants just stated. Conceding for the present that they had color of title upon which to found their possession, the potential question for consideration is, had they any such continuous possession as to bar a recovery? It is to be borne in mind that when the plaintiffs redeemed their lands from forfeiture 'their tenants were still in possession, and their title as well as their possession was fully restored in all respects as it was before the forfeiture, unless something had in the mean time intervened to prevent it. The evidence shows that the plaintiffs were in possession of their lands up to the forfeiture. After the forfeiture took place, the title to the lands passed temporarily into the state, and there remained until the redemption. During the period the lands were in the state the statute did not run in favor of the defendants. This principle was settled by this court, as now organized, in the case of Armstrong v. Morrill, and the ruling was affirmed by the supreme court in the same case. 14 Wall. 120. This action was brought on the 8th day of August, 1881. The defendants obtained their deeds September 28, 1870, a little more than
“(3) All title to lands in this state heretofore forfeited, or treated as forfeited, waste, and unappropriated, or escheated to the state of Virginia or this state, or purchased by either of said states at sales made for the nonpayment of taxes, and become irredeemable, or hereafter forfeited, or treated as forfeited, or escheated to this state, or purchased by it and become irredeemable, not redeemed, released, or otherwise disposed of, vested and remaining in this state, shall be and is hereby transferred to and vested in any person (other than those for whoso default the same may have been forfeited or returned delinquent, their heirs or devisees) for so much thereof as such person has or shall have had actual, continuous possession of, under color or claim of title, for ten years, and who, or those under whom lie claims, shall have paid the state taxes thereon for any five years during such possession; or, if there be no such person, then to any person, (other than those for whoso default the same may have been forfeited or returned delinquent, their heirs or devisees,) for so much of said land as such person shall have title to, regularly derived, mediately or immediately, from or under a grant from the, commonwealth of Virginia or this state, which, but for the title forfeited, would be valid, and who, or those under whom he claims, has or shall have paid all state taxes charged or chargeable thereon for five successive years after the year .1865, or from the date of the grant if it shall have issued since that year; or, if there be no such person as aforesaid, then to any person other than those for whoso default the same may have been forfeited or returned delinquent, their heirs or devisees, for so much of said land as such person shall have had claim to, and actual, continuous possession of, under color of title, for any live successive years after the year 1865, and have paid all state taxes charged or chargeable thereon for said period.”
It will be observed that this article of the constitution provides for three classes of persons who may avail themselves of a title forfeited and remaining in the state. Under the first class, the person who seeks to aváil himself of its possession must have “had actual and continuous possession under color or claim of title for ten years.” This question involves the defendants’ adverse possession, which I will consider hereafter, when 1 discuss that question. The second class provided for does not require possession, but under that clause of this article of the constitution that class of persons are entitled to the benefit of the forfeiture for only “so much of said land as such person shall have title to, regularly derived, mediately or immediately, from or under a grant from the commonwealth of Virginia or this state, which, but for the title forfeited, would be valid.” It is intended by this clause to provide for those who held under junior grants, either from the old or new state. It is clear to my mind that the defendants in this case cannot protect themselves under this clause of the constitution, for the reason, as I have here
I now propose to consider the question of adverse possession. The defendants’possession begins with a lease or contract made by James Woodzell, as the agent of Rich, one of the defendants, on the 10th day of May, 1872, with William Mullins, Sr. A close, scrutiny of this contract shows that it also savors of fraud, for by its terms there is an attempt to provide for a previous possession of 16 years prior to the date of the contract, and long before the defendant Rich set up any claim to the land, when there was no legal relation between them, and when Mullins was a mere squatter. But this lease is of itself insufficient. There must be an actual, continuous possession by Mullins under it for the defendants to avail themselves of it. Woodzell states that he put Jesse Hammons and others on the lands as the tenants of Rich, but he fails to prove how long Mullins or any of the tenants occupied the land, or how much, they claimed under Rich. His evidence is very unsatisfactory as to the place, length of time, or extent of the possession claimed. It is lacking in all of those essential elements that go to make up a continuous adverse possession or holding. There is an effort to prove an adverse possession sufficient to protect the defendants by different occupants claiming them as tenants. For this purpose Moses N. Barb, Peter B. Barb, Jesse Hammons, A. H. Cogar, George McFarland, and Christopher Baughman were examined. As to the Barbs, whatever possession they had, the evidence shows that they lived outside of the lands in controversy. Hammons’ possession, as is shown by the contract of February 2,1881, com
I have considered all the material questions involved in the issue. It follows from what I have said that the plaintiffs are entitled to relief, and a decree will be passed setting aside the deeds from the recorder and other officers of the state purporting to convey the title under the tax-sale, and also setting aside all deeds made in pursuance of the title thus acquired.