Braun v. JewettBraun v. Jewett
Braun’s Appeal.
1. The controlling question on this appeal is whether it can be said as a matter of law that Braun, by helping the J & W crew unload the radiator, became an employee of J & W so as to become entitled to workmen’s compensation from J & W for the injuries he received. In a carefully reasoned decision the circuit court answered that question in the affirmative, and accordingly dismissed the complaint, since the Workmen’s Compensation Act provides that the remedy thereby given shall be exclusive as against the employer. Sec. 102.03 (2), Stats. 1949. While the question is a close one, we have reached the contrary conclusion, and, therefore, hold that defendant’s motion for summary judgment must be denied.
The problem of the “loaned employee” arises frequently. A servant of one employer may be loaned to another for some special service so as to become, as to that service, the employee of the latter. When an employee so loaned is injured in the course of that service, he may at his option claim workmen’s compensation from either the general employer
On the other hand, if the injured man is not an employee of the employer whose servants negligently have caused his injury, he may maintain an action against the latter for his damages, and the general employer (or his insurance carrier) who has paid him workmen’s compensation may join in such action, the proceeds to be shared as provided by statute. Sec. 102.29 (1), Stats. 1949.
Unfortunately there is no simple and easy test of general application to determine whether the employee of A who gives some temporary help to B becomes B’s loaned employee. Twenty-five years ago Mr. Chief Justice RosenbeRRY remarked that the decisions in this field were to some extent irreconcilable.
Rhinelander Paper Co. v. Industrial Comm.
In
Seaman Body Corp. v. Industrial Comm.
“(1) Did the employee actually or impliedly consent to work for a special employer? (2) Whose was the work he was performing at the time of injury? (3) Whose was theright to control the details of the work being performed? (4) For whose benefit primarily was the work being done?”
The apparent simplicity of this test is deceptive as applied to the facts of a case like the present one, where the employee was carrying out the instructions of his general employer and promoting its interests at the same time that he was helping the special employer do its job. While he consented to help J & W, as he was ordered to do by Gazette, he denies that he thereby intended to enter J & W’s employ.
A number of decisions strongly support the contention that Braun became a special employee of J & W.
Cayll v. Waukesha G. & E. Co.
On the other hand, the contrary conclusion is supported by later cases.
Rhinelander Paper Co. v. Industrial Comm.
All things considered, we think the
Siblik Case
last cited should govern the present one. There a trucker had delivered some freight to the dock of Siblik’s general employer and was trying to drive away when his truck stuck in the mud. Siblik’s foreman directed Siblik to help the trucker get out of the mud, it being to the general employer’s interest to get the truck away from the dock to make room for others. Siblik obeyed, and while he was helping the trucker he was injured. This court held that Siblik did not become an employee of the trucker; and quoted with approval from
Rhinelander Paper Co. v. Industrial Comm.
“It is quite generally agreed that in order to transfer liability from the general employer to the one to whom the employee is loaned, there must be some consensual relationship between the loaned employee and the employer whoseservice he enters, sufficient to create a new employer-employee relationship. Where an employee enters the service of another at the command and pursuant to the direction of the master, no new relationship is created. While the employee may be subject to the direction of the temporary master, he is there in obedience to the command of his employer, and in doing what the new master directs him to do he is performing his duty to the employer who gave the order.”
The Restatement of the Law of Agency makes the following pertinent comments:
“b. Inference that original service continues. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, there is an inference that the actor remains in his general employment so long as, by the service rendered another, he is performing the business intrusted to him by the general employer. There is no inference that because the general employer has permitted a division of control, he has surrendered it.
“. . . The fact that he [the employee] obeys the requests of the temporary employer as to the act does not necessarily cause him to be the servant of such employer.” Restatement, 1 Agency, pp. 501, 504, sec. 227, comments b and d.
In the present case, while (a) it was primarily J & W’s work that Braun was doing at the moment he was injured, and the J & W crew had requested the particular help he was giving them and told him what to do, he nevertheless (b) acted on the orders of Gazette Printing Company that he go along with the truckers and help them unload the radiators, and was doing it to serve Gazette’s interests by expediting the trip and hastening his return to his regular duties at the printing plant. In the circumstances of this case, we think facts (b) outweigh facts (a).
Rogers v. Valley Outdoor Theater Co.
We therefore hold that the motion for summary judgment should be denied, and plaintiff given an opportunity to prove his case at a trial on the merits.
2. The circuit court also expressed the view, as a matter of law on the facts presented on the motion for summary judgment, that there was no violation of the safe-place statute by J & W, and that plaintiff assumed the risk.
We are not prepared to hold on the record before us that there is no issue of fact as to assumption of risk. Wisconsin has limited the application of the defense of assumption of risk to situations where there is a consensual relationship between the defendant and plaintiff such as master and servant or host and guest.
Schiro v. Oriental Realty Co.
3. Since the case must go to trial and the question whether there was a violation of the safe-place statute is a close one,
Appeal of Employers Mutual.
The motion of Employers Mutual for leave to file a supplemental complaint against the defendants for reimbursement for the compensation paid to Braun was denied on the ground that Employers Mutual had made a binding election of remedies with which the proposed supplemental complaint would be inconsistent, and that the supplemental complaint would violate sec. 263.04, Stats., providing that causes of action may be united only if they affect all of the, parties.
1. This appeal does not become moot by reason of our reversal of the trial court’s ruling that Braun was a loaned employee of J & W. While for the time being Employers Mutual may desire to join with Braun in his action under sec. 102.29 (1), Stats. 1949, nevertheless at a later time it may again find it necessary to proceed against the defendants under sec. 102.06, Stats. 1949. The reversal of the summary judgment is based on statements made in affidavits which for present purposes we must take as true; but on the trial Braun may fail to prove the facts necessary to keep him from becoming an employee of J & W and hence his complaint may again be dismissed, in which event Employers Mutual may again properly want to seek reimbursement from J & W under sec. 102.06, Stats. 1949. Since it is already more than six years since the accident happened, the statute of limitations may cause complications. We must, therefore, review the denial of Employers Mutual’s motion.
2. We cannot agree that by joining in Braun’s complaint as authorized by sec. 102.29 (1), Stats. 1949, Employers Mutual made a binding election of remedies which barred the
It is not a case where Employers Mutual originally had two available remedies to recover the compensation paid Braun. On the contrary, it had only one remedy. Whether that remedy is under sec. 102.29 (1), Stats. 1949, or under sec. 102.06 depends on Braun’s status as an employee of J & W. By seeking to proceed under sec.. 102.06 after the circuit court held it had no cause of action under sec. 102.29 (1), Employers Mutual falls within the established rule that if plaintiff has mistaken his remedy in the first instance, there has been no binding election by the commencement of the first action that precludes him thereafter from pursuing the proper remedy to judgment.
Fuller-Warren Co. v. Harter,
3. Neither do we see that sec. 263.04, Stats., would have been violated by permitting the supplemental complaint to be filed, had the holding that Braun was an employee of J & W remained in effect. On the basis of that ruling Braun’s
4. It remains to determine what should be done with the order denying Employers Mutual’s motion.
For the reasons stated we think the motion should have been granted when made. The reversal of the judgment changes the picture, however, by reinstating the original complaint. Presumably Employers Mutual will wish to participate in that litigation as originally planned, rather than abandon it and proceed immediately under sec. 102.06, Stats. 1949, as contemplated by its motion. Nevertheless the time may come when Employers Mutual again will properly wish to proceed under sec. 102.06, Stats. 1949. Where the propriety of alternative remedies depends on as uncertain a question as that of Braun’s employment or nonemployment by J & W, Employers Mutual should not have to choose at its peril, but in one way or another should be permitted to assert its possible causes of action in the alternative, either both in the pending action or that under sec. 102.06, Stats. 1949, in a separate action. To plead the latter in the alternative in the pending action may raise a doubtful question under sec. 263.04, since Braun is a party to the cause of action under sec. 102.29 (1), Stats. 1949, but not to that under sec. 102.06, Stats. 1949.
We hold, therefore, that the order appealed from should be modified to deny the motion without prejudice to the right of Employers Mutual to renew its motion in the pending action or to commence an independent action under sec. 102.06, Stats. 1949, such independent action to be held in
By the Court.- — Judgment reversed, with directions to deny the motion for summary judgment. Order modified in accordance with the last paragraph of the opinion, and as so modified, affirmed.