411 F.2d 451 | 2d Cir. | 1969
6 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. (West) 508
BRANIFF AIRWAYS, INC., Phillip Addabbo, and Morton D. Stein,
as Executor of the Estate of Maurice Berg,
deceased, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
CURTISS-WRIGHT CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee.
Nos. 423-426, Dockets 32884-32887.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Argued April 8, 1969.
Decided May 19, 1969.
Wilbur E. Dow, Jr., New York City (Dow, Stonebridge & Wallace, New York City), for appellants Braniff and Addabbo.
W. Shelby Coates, Jr., New York City, for appellant Stein.
James F. Coughlin, New York City (Mendes & Mount, New York City, Ernest D. Kennedy, New York City, of counsel), for appellee.
Before FRIENDLY, KAUFMAN and HAYS, Circuit Judges.
HAYS, Circuit Judge:
Braniff Airways, Inc., Phillip Addabbo, and Morton D. Stein, as executor of the estate of Maurice Berg, appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissing their complaints in actions against Curtiss-Wright Corporation arising out of an airplane crash that occurred near Miami, Florida on March 25, 1958. Braniff also appeals from an order denying its motion to amend its complaint by adding as plaintiffs the flight crew of the airplane.
Braniff was the airline operating the plane which crashed. Addabbo and Berg1 were passengers on the plane.
The gravamen of the complaints is that the crash was caused by the failure of an eigine manufactured by defendant. Defendant sold the engine to Douglas Aircraft Co. about July 17, 1956; Douglas installed it in a Douglas DC-7C aircraft which it sold to Braniff and delivered on October 23, 1956. Sometime later Braniff removed the engine from this aircraft and installed it in the right inboard position of the Douglas DC-7C which crashed.
Braniff's action is based upon negligence and also breach of both express and implied warranty. Berg sued originally only on the ground of negligence. Later he commenced a separate action in implied warranty, his motion for leave to amend his complaint to assert that claim in the negligence action having been denied. Berg v. Curtiss-Wright Corp., 224 F. Supp. 236 (S.D.N.Y.1963). Addabbo also sues on implied warranty. The cases were consolidated for trial together with certain related actions.2 A jury trial was had, limited by agreement to the issue of liability.
At the end of the plaintiff's case, Curtiss-Wright made several motions which the court collectively treated as a motion pursuant to Rule 50(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for a directed verdict. Curtiss-Wright also sought dismissal of the implied warranty claims on the ground that they were barred by the statute of limitations. The court directed a verdict for Curtiss-Wright on the issues of negligence and breach of warranty. It held that the claims of Berg and Addabbo based on implied warranty were barred by the statute of limitations.
We reverse the determination of the district court as to the claims sounding in negligence, holding that there was sufficient evidence of defendant's negligence to require submission of that issue to the jury. In all other respects we affirm.
I.
We are persuaded that there was sufficient evidence of Curtiss-Wright's negligence to take the case to the jury.
Examination of the engine in question after the crash revealed that the number eleven cylinder had failed, that it had separated from the engine, and that its wall was scuffed. A Curtiss-Wright employee testified that the cylinder wall showed evidence of 'ladder cracking.' There was testimony that overheating of a cylinder can cause scuffing and that scuffing can lead to ladder cracking and eventually to cracking of the cylinder barrel and its separation from the engine. A letter that Curtiss-Wright wrote to Braniff after the crash stated that the 'cylinder barrel failures' occurring in the Curtiss-Wright engines were 'apparently the result of high combustion chamber temperatures.'
The evidence of Curtiss-Wright's negligence included the following:
(1) Curtiss-Wright increased the rating of the engines of this so-called E A series (the type of engine involved here) from the 3250 horsepower of the predecessor D A series to 3400 horsepower. Gregory, an independent engineering consultant, testified that the increase in horsepower raised the temperature in the cylinders, aggravating the scuffing problem and greatly affecting the reliability of the engine. He stated that a reasonable horsepower to take from the engine would have been 3250 rather than 3400.
(2) Curtiss-Wright admitted that the fuel injection pump timing used in the type of engine involved in the crash had caused cylinder temperatures higher than those occurring in a similar Curtiss-Wright engine that used a different timing.
(3) Gregory testified that the use of flexible fuel lines of different lengths to take fuel to the various cylinders caused the cylinders to receive unequal amounts of fuel, resulting in a 'large variation' in the temperatures of the cylinders which produced scuffing in the high temperature cylinders.
(4) Gregory testified that the high temperatures in the cylinder caused its separation and Ahlers, another expert witness, testified that the failure of the cylinder caused the crash.
There was evidence that Curtiss-Wright was aware of the scuffing difficulty and knew of instances of cylinder barrel separation by July 26, 1957, nearly eight months before the crash, but took no effective action to remedy the problem.
In reaching our conclusion that there was sufficient evidence of Curtiss-Wright's negligence to require submission of the case to the jury, we do not find it necessary to adopt the rule of Noel v. United Aircraft Corp.,342 F.2d 232 (3d Cir.1964), that a manufacturer is under a continuing duty to improve its product where 'human safety' is involved. It is clear that after such a product has been sold and dangerous defects in design have come to the manufacturer's attention, the manufacturer has a duty either to remedy these or, if complete remedy is not feasible, at least to give users adequate warnings and instructions concerning methods for minimizing the danger.
II.
Curtiss-Wright contends that Braniff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law.
The principal basis for Curtiss-Wright's position is Braniff's admission that 'on or about July 8, 1959, (Braniff) made a determination upon information then available that Captain Thomas Donald George (the pilot) was responsible for the accident * * *' and that it discharged him on this ground. There is no reason to believe that in holding the pilot 'responsible' Braniff was applying the standard of care imposed by law. The admission states that the determination of responsibility was based on information available to Braniff by July 8, 1959. That date was more than eight months before the commencement of this action. Braniff may well have acquired further information during that period. The admission was merely evidence of contributory negligence which Braniff could seek to rebut at trial.
It is not necessary to record in detail certain other evidence of contributory negligence. We are convinced that all of this evidence presented an issue for the jury.
III.
We hold that the causes of action of Braniff, Addabbo and Berg based upon implied warranty are all barred by the statute of limitations. This makes it unnecessary for us to discuss the district court's decision to direct a verdict against Braniff on that cause of action.
Under New York law, the action by Braniff, an Oklahoma corporation, was untimely if it was barred by either the laws of New York or the laws of Florida. New York Civil Practice Law and Rules 202 (McKinney 1963).3
The action was not timely under the Florida statute of limitation, Fla. Stat. 95.11(5)(e) (1967), F.S.A., as construed in Creviston v. General Motors Corp., 210 So. 2d 755 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1968)-- a case that had not yet been published when the district court ruled that the action was timely. Creviston holds that the period of limitation in an implied warranty action is three years and that the action accrues at the time of sale. We believe that New York would accept the holding of the Florida appellate court in Creviston as representing the law of Florida, particularly since it is in accord with New York law as to accrual of the cause of action. (See infra.) The engine was sold in 1956; therefore commencement of the suit in 1960 was not timely.
Berg and Addabbo were both New York residents; their implied warranty actions were thus subject to New York's six year statute of limitation. New York Civil Practice Law and Rules 213(2), 202 (McKinney 1963). Under New York law, these actions accrued at the time of the sale in 1956. See Schwartz v. Heyden Newport Chemical Corp., 12 N.Y.2d 212, 215, 237 N.Y.S.2d 714, 716, 188 N.E.2d 142, 143, 4 A.L.R. 3d 814, modified, 12 N.Y.2d 1073, 239 N.Y.S.2d 896, 190 N.E.2d 253, cert. denied, 374 U.S. 808, 83 S. Ct. 1697, 10 L. Ed. 2d 1032 (1963).4 Since Berg commenced his action in 1963 and Addabbo commenced his in 1964, both actions were untimely. Nor would they be timely even if we were to accept the contention that the date of accrual is governed by Florida law; Creviston makes clear that Florida follows the New York rule.
IV.
Braniff claims that Curtiss-Wright made express warranties concerning the engine in two pamphlets: 'Facts about the Wright Turbo Compound' and an engineering report on the 'TC18 Engine Operating Margin.' The foreword to the former publication states that its purpose is to 'explain the principles of the turbine system.' On the cover of the engineering report is the statement: 'This report is for information only and does not supersede, cancel, or change applicable engine specification or operating instructions.' The statements in these two informational pamphlets are not warranties.
V.
The district court denied Braniff's motion to amend its complaint by adding the members of the flight crew as plaintiffs. It appears that even if the requested amendment were made, the complaint would not state a cause of action on behalf of the crew. If that is the case, the denial was irrelevant. In any event, the motion in substance is one to permit the crew to intervene. Braniff could not properly make this motion; it must be made by the parties seeking to intervene. Rule 24(c), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
VI.
We wish to record our disapproval of the parties' disregard of the provisions of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. Although Rule 30 does not require that the parties agree on the contents of an appendix, it explicitly requires the filing of a single appendix. The parties chose instead to file an appellants' appendix and an appellee's appendix. Thus, in order to consider a given witness' testimony in this highly technical case, it was necessary for us to jump from one appendix to the other. The rule requiring a single appendix was adopted to facilitate our task of judicial review.
Appellants also failed to reproduce in their appendix the two pamphlets, Exhibits 5 and 15A, on which they rely to establish a cause of action for breach of express warranty.
Litigants are advised to consider these remarks as a warning of the possibility of more drastic action by the court in the future.
Affirmed as to all issues except the causes of action for negligence; as to these reversed and remanded for a new trial.
Berg died in the course of the litigation and Stein, executor of his estate, was substituted
One of the related actions was a suit by Braniff against Douglas; it was discontinued during the trial
That Florida is the state where the cause of action accrued for purposes of N.Y. CPLR 202 (McKinney 1963) is not contested
Schwartz, a case involving the sale and use of injurious medication, concerned the date of accrual of a negligence cause of action and an implied warranty cause of action; it held that the implied warranty action accrued at the time of sale and that the negligence action accrued when the medication was administered
The Schwartz holding on implied warranty actions is not affected by the recent New York Court of Appeals 4-3 decision in Flanagan v. Mount Eden General Hospital, 24 N.Y.2d 427, 301 N.Y.S.2d 23, 248 N.E.2d 871 (April 17, 1969). Flanagan holds that in medical malpractice actions for negligence, involving the insertion of a foreign object into a patient's body, the cause of action does not accrue until the object is discovered. The court discussed Schwartz but was concerned only with its holding regarding the accrual of the negligence action. The court in Flanagan distinguished Schwartz and clearly limited Flanagan's application to foreign object malpractice cases.