MEMORANDUM DECISION
The federal district courts have “original and exclusive jurisdiction” of all cases under title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code ”). 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a). The federal district courts also have “original but not exclusive jurisdiction” of all civil proceedings arising under title 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, or arising in or related to cases under title 11. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). District courts may, however, refer these cases to the bankruptcy judges for their districts. 28 U.S.C. § 157(a). In accordance with section 157(a), the District Court for the Northern District of Illinois has referred
A bankruptcy judge to whom a case has been referred may enter final judgment on any core proceeding arising under the Bankruptcy Code or arising in a case under title 11. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1). A proceeding to avoid and recover fraudulent conveyances arises in a case under title 11 and is specified as a core proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(H).
Accordingly, final judgment is within the scope of the court’s authority.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This matter comes before the court on the motion (the “Motion To Dismiss ”) of Defendant, PlainsCapital Leasing, LLC (“PlainsCapital” or “Defendant”) to dismiss the amended adversary complaint (the “Complaint”) filed by Plaintiff, William Brandt, Jr., in his capacity as Plan Administrator for Equipment Acquisition Resources, Inc. (“EAR ”, “Debtor ” or “Plaintiff”). The Complaint, as described below, seeks the recovery of approximately $4.3 million in lease payments alleged to have been fraudulently transferred from EAR to PlainsCapital as part of a fraudulent lease scheme orchestrated by one Sheldon Player (“Player”). Defendant seeks dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule ”) 12(b)(1) for lack of standing and under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or to plead fraud with the particularity required by Rule 9(b).
BACKGROUND
Unless otherwise indicated, the following facts are taken from Plaintiffs Complaint and are assumed to be true for purposes of the motion to dismiss, all reasonable inferences being drawn in Plaintiffs favor. See, e.g., Cole v. Milwaukee Area Technical College District,
EAR was incorporated in 1997. It was designed to operate as a refurbisher of special machinery, a manufacturer of high-end technology parts, and a process developer for the manufacture of high-technology parts. The bulk of EAR’S stated revenue derived from refurbishing and selling high-tech machinery; it was set up to purchase high-tech equipment near the end of its useful life at prices that were low relative to the cost of new units, and then refurbish the equipment for sale to end-users at substantial gross margins using a proprietary process.
Eventually, EAR’s apparent success came to an end, because of Player’s abuse of EAR. Player systematically and repeatedly caused EAR to enter into unnecessary and harmful agreements related to over-valued machinery. As part of his scheme, Player caused EAR to enter into financing and financing-type lease agreements with certain entities (the “Financial Entities”) related to equipment that was allegedly owned by Machine Tools Direct, Inc. (“MTD”). However, MTD was a mere strawman in Player’s scheme. Many, if not all, of the sale invoices from MTD to the Financial Entities grossly overstated the value of the underlying equipment. MTD “purchased” the equipment from EAR mere days before MTD sold the equipment to either EAR or the Financing Entity. In those instances, Player purportedly caused EAR to transfer title to the equipment to MTD, and MTD then sold that equipment to EAR (or the Financial Entity in the case of a lease) at an inflated purchase price. As a result of this scheme, Player caused EAR to lease equipment, at a cost far in excess of its actual value.
Plaintiff contends that “[i]n effect, Player’s misconduct amounted to a Ponzi-scheme where funds from later Financing Entities were used to repay EAR’s obligations under earlier financing and lease obligations.” Complaint, at ¶ 15.
In 2009, after receiving numerous notices of default from its creditors, EAR sought the assistance of outside counsel and turn-around specialists in order to assist in the company’s rehabilitation. After some investigation, EAR’s outside counsel and consultants discovered what they believed to be evidence of potential fraud in EAR’s leasing activity.
Upon this discovery, EAR’s officers and directors resigned on October 8, 2009. With the resignation of the former officers and directors, Player too lost any power to influence or control EAR’s operations. Plaintiff was then elected as sole member of the board of directors and as the Chief Restructuring Officer, vested with power to assume full control of EAR’s operations and all the powers and duties of the President, Chief Executive, and Treasurer of EAR. Pursuant to these powers, Plaintiff filed, on October 28, 2009, EAR’s voluntary Chapter 11 petition.
On July 15, 2010, the court confirmed EAR’s Second Amended Plan of Liquidation (the “Plan”), and William Brandt, Jr. was appointed as the Plan Administrator (“Plaintiff’ or the “Plan Administrator”), with the authority to pursue “Litigation Claims,” as defined in the Plan. Plaintiff seeks to bring the claims alleged in the Complaint pursuant to that authority.
PLAINTIFF’S TRANSACTIONS WITH DEFENDANT
According to Plaintiff, EAR entered into at least seven master equipment lease agreements with Systems Financial Credit during the period between April 2005 and December 2005. In each instance, Systems Financial Credit assigned its interest under the master lease agreement to PlainsCapital on or about the same day that the agreement was executed. Under the terms of each master lease, EAR was required to make monthly payments to PlainsCapital with respect to the equipment identified in the master lease.
Plaintiff alleges upon information and belief that Player caused EAR. to enter into the PlainsCapital leases because doing so furthered his fraudulent scheme. The transactions with PlainsCapital are the type of financing arrangements that Player used to perpetuate his scheme. As a result of the scheme, EAR creditors that had financing agreements and leases which were part of Player’s scheme have been unable to identify what, if any, equipment that was previously located at EAR’s facilities was subject to a valid security agreement or lease. Plaintiff contends that because the transfers made to PlainsCapital were part of Player’s fraudulent scheme, the transfers that EAR made to PlainsCa-pital in satisfaction of the master lease obligations were made with the actual intent to hinder, delay, and defraud EAR’s remaining creditors.
Within four years preceding the filing of the chapter 11 petition, and specifically from October 25, 2005 through November
DISCUSSION
1. Standing To Pursue Claims under Section 5kk of the Bankruptcy Code.
PlainsCapital asserts that the Complaint must be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(1) because the Plan Administrator lacks standing to bring causes of action under section 544, as they were not adequately preserved in the Plan.
As noted by PlainsCapital, a court may look beyond the pleadings in determining whether a plaintiff has standing, by reviewing documents such as a disclosure statement or confirmed plan. Supporting Memorandum, at 5 (citing Apex Digital, Inc. v. Sears Roebuck & Co.,
4.5 Preservation of Litigation Claims. Unless expressly waived, relinquished, exculpated, released, compromised or settled in the Plan, the Confirmation Order or other agreement entered into or delivered in connection with the Plan: (a) the Plan Administrator shall exclusively retain and may prosecute and enforce, and the Debtor expressly reserve and preserve for these purposes, in accordance with sections 1123(a)(5)(B) and 1123(b)(3) of the Bankruptcy Code, any Claims, demands, rights, causes of action and litigation Claims that the Debtor or the Estate may hold against any person or entity....
“Litigation Claims” are defined as “the Claims, rights of action, suits or proceedings, whether in law or in equity, whether known or unknown, that the Debtor or Estate may hold against any person or entity under the Bankruptcy Code or any non-bankruptcy law, including, but not limited to, Avoidance Actions, Claims, rights of action, suits or proceedings against ‘insiders’ of the Debtor as such term is defined in section 101(31) of the Bankruptcy Code.” Plan, § 1.43. Finally, “Avoidance Actions” are defined as “any cause of action against persons or entities arising under sections 502, 510, 541, 542, 545, 547 through 551 and 553 of the Bankruptcy Code, or under related state or federal statutes and common law, including fraudulent transfer laws, whether or not litigation is commenced before or after the Effective Date to prosecute such Avoidance Actions.” PlainsCapital contends that no section 544 claims were reserved in the Plan because the definition of Avoidance Actions “glaringly omits” section 544.
As noted by judge Goldgar in In re Commercial Loan Corp.,
The Seventh Circuit decisions on this issue fall into the latter two camps. In D & K Properties Crystal Lake v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York,
In In re P.A. Bergner & Co.,
In Commercial Loan Corp., Judge Goldgar reviewed these Seventh Circuit decisions but found it unnecessary to reconcile them, because regardless of whether the res judicata or notice approach was employed, the defendant had no right to challenge the adequacy of the reservation clause. As for res judicata, the defendant was unable to meet one of the prerequisites for application of the doctrine, i.e. an identity
The same conclusion is required here. PlainsCapital, while not responding to the Plan Administrator’s res judicata argument, insists in another portion of its reply brief that “[l]egally and factually,” PlainsCapital and the Luxor defendant “are virtually identical.” Reply Memorandum, at 4. PlainsCapital notes that neither it nor LHC filed a proof of claim or were listed on Debtor’s schedules. PlainsCapi-tal is not a creditor in this case, and like LHC, there is no suggestion that it is in privity with any creditor. As PlainsCapi-tal is a stranger to this bankruptcy case, it cannot assert a res judicata challenge to the adequacy of the Plan’s reservation clause.
The court finds that even if Plain-sCapital had the right to challenge the reservation clause, it would not prevail, because the section 544 claims were in fact adequately reserved in the Plan. In this regard, the court rejects PlainsCapital’s contention that Judge Squires’ ruling to the contrary in Luxor is the law of this case. Judge Squires did state in Luxor that the Plan failed to adequately reserve section 544 claims. However, as he found that LHC had no right to challenge the adequacy of the reservation clause, the statement that the clause failed to reserve section 544 claims was dictum. Based on LHC’s inability to assert the res judicata challenge, LHC motion for judgment on the pleadings was denied.
Even if Judge Squires’ statement did constitute the law of this case, there is a compelling reason to reconsider it. As noted by the Seventh Circuit: “[W]hile a ... judge should carefully consider the propriety of re-examining a prior ruling of another ... judge in the same case, when good reasons for doing so appear (such as new evidence or controlling law, or clear error), the ‘law of the case’ doctrine must yield to rational decisionmaking.” Peterson v. Lindner,
Here, if needed, reconsideration is warranted. Despite Judge Squires’ thoughtful analysis on the issue before him, his statement concerning failure to retain the section 544 claims—were it to have the force of law—would be clearly erroneous.
PlainsCapital contends that because section 544 was not included in the particularized list of statutory provisions set forth in the definition of Avoidance Actions, claims under section 544 were not reserved in the Plan. PlainsCapital does not contend that the provisions reserving claims, when read together, were ineffective for lack of specificity. While Plain-sCapital asserts that the “definition of ‘Litigation Claims,’ by itself, is too broad to reserve any causes of action,” the “attempted reservation is saved by its inclusion of ‘Avoidance Actions,’” which reserves “the specific chapter 5 causes of action listed and any ‘related’ state or federal claims.” Reply Memorandum, at 2, 9 (citing Luxor,
PlainsCapital’s contention ignores well-settled principles governing the interpretation of chapter 11 plans. A plan is analogous to a contract and is subject to the ordinary rules of contract construction. See, e.g., Ernst & Young LLP v. Baker O’Neal Holdings, Inc.,
In Luxor, Judge Squires found that the “Avoidance Actions” definition specifically reserved state law fraudulent transfer causes of action. Indeed, Plain-sCapital itself admits that the Plan “arguably preserved” such causes of action. Reply Memorandum, at 6, n. 4. By virtue of including state law fraudulent transfer claims in that definition, the parties’ intent is unmistakable; they intended for the Plan Administrator to be able to assert such causes of action. Yet section 544(b), which was omitted from the itemized list of specific statutory provisions contained in the “Avoidance Actions” definition, is the very mechanism by which state law fraudulent transfer claims are brought, because it confers upon the trustee (or here, the Plan Administrator)
PlainsCapital seeks to rely on the statement in Luxor, that “nothing in the definition of ‘Avoidance Actions’ evinces an intent to preserve an action under § 544.” Reply Memorandum, at 940 (quoting from Luxor,
As noted previously, PlainsCapi-tal’s contention ignores the reality that section 544 is the only mechanism by which the state fraudulent transfer claims can be brought and without which the reservation of such claims would be rendered meaningless.
Accordingly, the court holds that claims under section 544 of the Bankruptcy Code were effectively preserved in the Plan.
Defendant also seeks to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to plead a plausible claim or to plead fraud with the particularity required by Rule 9(b).
To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain, inter alia, “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). As noted by the Seventh Circuit in E.E.O.C. v. Concentra Health Services, Inc.,
Where fraud is alleged, a more rigorous pleading standard comes into play. Rule 9(b) provides, inter alia, that “[i]n alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Under this standard, a plaintiff must state the “who, what, when, and where” of the alleged fraud. Uni*Quality, Inc. v. Infotronx, Inc.,
Again, the Complaint in this case alleges actual intent fraudulent transfers, which require proof that the transfers were made by Debtor “with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud” creditors. See 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A); 740 LLCS 160/5(a)(l). The only element at issue here is the actual intent of EAR at the time the transfers were made.
Actual intent to defraud may be proved by circumstantial evidence, often referred to as badges of fraud. The commonly recognized badges of fraud include: “(1) whether the debtor was insolvent at the time of the transfer or became insolvent as a result of the transfer; (2) whether the debtor retained control of the asset; (3) whether the transfer was to a family member; (4) whether the transfer was prior to debtor incurring a substantial debt; (5) whether the transfer was substantially all of debtor’s assets; (6) whether the debtor received consideration for the transfer; (7) whether the transfer was disclosed or concealed; (8) whether the debtor made the. transfer before or after being threatened with suit by creditors; and (9) whether the debtor absconded.” Grede v. Bank of New York Mellon,
Here, the Plan Administrator does not allege badges of fraud. Instead, he alleges that Sheldon Player’s misconduct amounted to a Ponzi or “Ponzi-like” scheme where funds from later leasing or financing entities were used to repay EAR’s obligations to earlier equipment lessors and financiers.
Proof of a Ponzi scheme has been held sufficient to establish actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors so as to permit avoidance of a transfer as fraudulent. Id. (citing Plotkin v. Pomona Valley Imps., Inc. (In re Cohen),
Courts have, in fact, recognized that “even if Debtor’s business operations do not exactly match the description of a Pon-zi Scheme,” a trustee may “still continue to characterize the business model as a Ponzi Scheme,” thereby meeting the intent prong of a fraudulent transfer claim. In re Norvergence, Inc.,
There are very few details concerning the “circular transfers” that are alleged to have prevented EAR from having the funds necessary to repay current obligations, thereby requiring EAR to enter into new transactions to repay its current obligations. There are no specific facts or details to support the allegation that payments to earlier lenders were made from later lenders and not from EAR’s other revenues or profits. There is not even an indication when the fraudulent leasing activity began, and only the barest outlines of a scheme are sketched.
Moreover, the key allegation of fraud with respect to the transfers at issue here is made on information and belief:
“Upon information and belief, Player caused EAR to agree to enter into the Leases because doing so furthered his fraudulent scheme. The transactions with PCL are of the type of financing arrangements that Player used to perpetuate his wrongful scheme. As a result of the misconduct, EAR creditors that had financing and leases which were part of Player’s scheme have been unable to identify what, if any, equipment that was previously located at EAR’s facilities was subject to a valid security agreement or lease.”
Complaint, at ¶ 20.
While fraud cannot generally be pleaded based on information and belief, such allegations are permitted when the specific facts are not available to the plaintiff and the plaintiff provides the grounds for his suspicions. See, e.g., Pirelli Armstrong Tire Corp. Retiree Med. Benefits Trust v. Walgreen Co.,
These allegations are not only insufficient to come within the exception for pleading on “information and belief,” they are insufficient in any event to connect the transfers at issue to the alleged scheme.
Again, to survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must be facially plausible. A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the Complaint will be dismissed in one month,
A separate order will be issued, concurrent with this Memorandum Decision, (1) granting in part and denying in part Defendant’s Motion To Dismiss, (2) providing Plaintiff leave to amend the Complaint no later than October 31, 2012, and (3) providing that the Complaint will be dismissed on November 1, 2012 by separate order of the court if no amendment is properly and timely filed.
Notes
. The three prerequisites for application of the res judicata doctrine are: “(1) a final judgment on the merits in an earlier action, (2) an identity of the cause of action in both the earlier and later suit, and (3) an identity of parties or privies in the two suits.” Tartt v. Northwest Community Hosp.,
. The court in Commercial Loan explained that the rationale under the notice approach pursuant to § 1123(b)(3)(B) is that a creditor is entitled to notice about claims that will be pursued after confirmation, either because they might augment the estate or because the creditor himself may be a target of the claims, and the "creditor can 'adjust [his] vote accordingly.’ ” Id. at 570 (quoting from In re
.Judge Squires found—and this court agrees—that LHC’s qualification as a contingent creditor under § 502(h) of the Bankruptcy Code (by virtue of its status as a known avoidance action target) did not by itself make LHC a "party” to the bankruptcy case. Lux- or,
. The same result would follow if the notice approach under § 1123(b)(3)(B) were employed, for the reasons articulated by judge Goldgar in Commercial Loan. See n. 2, supra; see also Kmart Corp.,
. Dictum has been characterized as language not essential to the outcome of a case. See, e.g., In re Repository Techs., Inc.,
. Section 11.11 of the Plan, titled "Governing Law,” provides: "Except to the extent the Bankruptcy Code, the Bankruptcy Rules or other federal law is applicable, the rights and obligations arising under this Plan shall be governed by, and construed and enforced in accordance with, the laws of Illinois, without
. See 11 U.S.C. § 1123(b)(3)(B).
. Section 544(b) provides in relevant part that the "trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property ... that is voidable under applicable law by a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under section 502 ... or that is not allowable only under section 502(e)....”
. Under Illinois law, a contract must not be construed so as to render provisions meaningless or surplusage. See, e.g., Kimball Hill Management Co. v. Roper,
.In so holding, the court also rejects Plain-sCapital’s contention that because it was omitted from the list of potential defendants attached as Exhibit C to the Disclosure Statement, there was no effective reservation of a cause of action against it. As correctly noted by Judge Squires in Luxor, although the Disclosure Statement "provided that '[a] list of all potential Litigation Claims against whom litigation recoveries may be sought is attached hereto as Exhibit C,' " the Disclosure Statement "further provided that '[i]n the
. The original Ponzi scheme was the subject of a Supreme Court decision arising out of the bankruptcy of Charles Ponzi. See Cunningham v. Brown, 265 U.S. 1,
. The court notes that while under Rule 9(b), states of mind may be alleged generally, the Supreme Court noted in Ashcroft v. Iqbal,