Brandt v. FDIC (In re Equipment Acquisition Resources, Inc.)Brandt v. FDIC (In re Equipment Acquisition Resources, Inc.)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This matter is before the Court on the motion of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”), as receiver for Charter National Bank and Trust (“Charter”), for summary judgment on the second amended complaint brought by William A. Brandt, Jr. (the “Plaintiff’) in his capacity as plan administrator for Equipment Acquisition Resources, Inc. (“EAR”).
EAR filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition on October 23, 2009. A plan was confirmed on July 15, 2010. Under the terms of the plan, the Plaintiff was appointed plan administrator with the authority to pursue “Litigation Claims” as defined in the plan. The Plaintiff filed this adversary proceeding against Charter on October 21, 2011. On February 10, 2012, Charter was closed and the FDIC was appointed as its receiver..
The second amended .complaint seeks avoidance and recovery of transfers from EAR to Charter. Counts I and II seek relief for actual fraud pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A) and 740 Ill. Comp. Stat. 160/5(a)(l). The Plaintiff seeks to recover $1,496,514.72 in payments previously made by EAR to Charter. Count III seeks to recover the value of the transfers pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 550, and Count IV seeks to disallow the. claim Charter has against EAR pursuant to 11 Ú.S.C. § 502(d).
In support of its motion, the FDIC argues that there are no material, facts in dispute and that, as a matter of law and regardless of whether the elements of a
The Court has reviewed the briefs submitted, heard oral arguments on the matter, and weighed the competing interests of the parties. For the reasons stated herein, the Court grants the motion for summary judgment in favor of the FDIC.
I.JURISDICTION
“ 'The federal district courts have “original and exclusive jurisdiction” of all cases under title 11 of the United States Code. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a). The ' federal district courts also have “original but not exclusive jurisdiction” of all civil proceedings arising under title 11 of the United States Code, or arising in or related to cases under title 11.28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). District courts may, however, refer these cases to the bankruptcy judges for their districts. 28 U.S.C. § 157(a). In accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 157(a), the District Court for the Northern District of Illinois has referred all of its bankruptcy cases to the Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois. N.D. Ill. Internal Operating Procedure 15(a).
A bankruptcy judge to whom a case has been referred has the statutory authority to issue final orders and judgments only in “core proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in a case under title 11.” 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1). Section 157(b)(2) contains a non-exhaustive list of “core proceedings” in which the bankruptcy court may enter a final order or judgment. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2). That statutory list includes proceedings to determine, avoid, or recover fraudulent conveyances. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(H).
By contrast, when the bankruptcy court has jurisdiction over a matter only because it is in some way “related to” the bankruptcy case, the court may not enter final judgment, but may only enter proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. 28 U.S.C, § 157(c)(1). The proceedings in this latter category are known as “non-core” proceedings.
Counts I, II, and III are brought by the Plaintiff under 11 U.S.C. § 548, 740 Ill.Comp. Stat. 160/5, and 11 U.S.C. § 550 to avoid and recover alleged fraudulent transfers made by EAR to Charter. Even though fraudulent-conveyance claims are listed by statute as core, claims, the Supreme Court has made clear that, due to Constitutional limitations upon the power of bankruptcy judges to issue final judgments in certain types of cases, fraudulent transfer claims are to be treated as non-core claims that are “related to” the bankruptcy case. Exec. Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison, — U.S. -,
The remaining count, Count IV, seeks the disallowance of Charter’s claim under 11 U.S.C. § 502(d). The allowance or disallowance of a claim arises in a bank
II. APPLICABLE STANDARDS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled.to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2) (made applicable by Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7056). A genuine issue of material fact is present when “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
In this matter, both parties have submitted statements of material facts and both parties concede that there are no material facts which are in dispute.
III. UNDISPUTED FACTS
Charter agreed to fund equipment-leasing arrangements with EAR. EAR. entered into a number of similar lease-financing transactions with other parties, and it is undisputed for purposes of this motion that EAR and its principals were fraudulently refinancing and re-leasing the same small pool of equipment over and over again, without disclosing that fact to its financers. The history of EAR’S behavior with respect to its financers has been discussed at length by this Court in a related matter and need not be repeated here.
In this matter, the Plaintiff specifically alleges that "EAR used an affiliated corporation, Machine Tools Direct, Inc. (“MTD”), as a straw man to conceal the fraudulent nature of the equipment-lease transactions. (FDIC Statement of Facts ¶ 1.) The Plaintiff has alleged that, in all of these transactions, EAR sold equipment to MTD, which then resold the equipment to an equipment leasing company, (Id.) The equipment leasing company, in turn, would lease the equipment back to EAR. (Id.) In return, MTD would keep a 1-2% fee for the transaction' ahd remit the remaining funds to EAR, which then would use the funds to satisfy prior and ongoing lease obligations. (Id.) The. fraud occurred when EAR repeated this pattern of selling and releasing equipment to and from new equipment financers, but did so with the scone equipment it had previously sold to other financers, without disclosing to any of them that it was selling equipment to which it no longer owned title..
In the transactions at issue in this matter, the Plaintiff alleges that EAR entered into leasing agreements with Advanced Financial Solutions, Inc. (“AFS”). (Id. at ¶ 3.)
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Legal Standards Governing Avoidance of Fraudulent Transfers
In Count I of the second amended complaint, the Plaintiff seeks to avoid the $786,840.92 in transfers made by EAR to Charter from November 2007 through July 2009 under § 548(a)(1)(A). Section 548 of the Bankruptcy Code enables the Plaintiff to avoid pre-petition transfers of property of the debtor if such transfers were fraudulent. See Schechter v. 5841 Bldg. Corp. (In re Hansen),
Count II of the second amended complaint seeks to avoid the transfers from Count I as well as $709,673.80 in transfers that EAR made to Charter prior to November 2007 under § 5 of the Illinois Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 740 Ill. Comp. Stat. 160/5(a)(l) (made applicable by 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1)), which is substantially similar to § 548. Actual fraud under the Illinois statute results when a debtor transfers property “with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the debtor[.]” 740 Ill. Comp. Stat. 160/5(a)(l).
The Plaintiff argues that the three notes and the subsequent monthly payments were fraudulent because they were made in furtherance of a fraudulent scheme by EAR and therefore served to hinder, delay, and defraud EAR’S creditors.
B. The D’Oench Doctrine and 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e)
The FDIC argues that (1) the fraudulent transactions were made possible only because of a secret agreement between EAR and MTD that was never made part of the official records of Charter; (2) the Plaintiff cannot prove its fraudulent-conveyance claim without reliance upon that secret agreement; and (3) the FDIC is not bound by any agreement that is not part of the official records of Charter. Specifically, the FDIC asserts the D’Oench doctrine and 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e), discussed below, as defenses to all of the Plaintiffs claims in the second amended complaint.
“The D’Oench doctrine began as a variety of federal common law equitable estop-pel intended to protect the FDIC by making ‘secret side agreements’ between bank employees and borrowers unenforceable against the FDIC once it had stepped into
In D’Oench, the Supreme Court held that a party may not enforce against the FDIC any unrecorded or secret agreement which is not contained in the records of a bank in which the FDIC has acquired rights.
In 1938, the bank failed and went into FDIC receivership. Later, the FDIC obtained the notes and sued D’Oench for recovery. The receipts indicating repayment of principal were not in the files of the bank, and the FDIC did not become aware of them until it demanded payment from D’Oench. D’Oench argued that it had not received any consideration for the notes and further argued that the bank had agreed not to sue D’Oench for collection. The FDIC took the position that D’Oench was estopped by virtue of its misrepresentations from asserting either defense.
The Supreme Court held that there was a federal policy to protect the FDIC against misrepresentations as to the assets in the portfolios of the banks. Because of the strong federal interest in protecting the FDIC from “scheme[s] or arrangement[s]” likely to mislead bank examiners, D’Oeneh was estopped from relying on its secret agreement as a defense against FDIC collection. D’Oench,
The FDIC also asserts 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e) as a defense to the Plaintiffs claims. In 1950, Congress enacted § 2(e) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, which was later amended as 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e). Again, significantly for purposes of this matter, the statute narrowly defines the boundaries of the single exception to the general rule that “[n]o agreement which tends to diminish or defeat the interest of the [FDIC] shall be valid against the [FDIC].” Nothing in the language of the statute suggests that the exception should be expanded beyond its literal terms:
No agreement which tends to diminish or defeat the interest of the Corporation in any asset acquired by it under this section or section 1821 of this title, either as security for a loan or by purchase or as receiver of any insured depository institution, shall be valid against the Corporation unless such agreement—
(A) is in writing,
(B) was executed by the depository institution and any person claiming an adverse interest thereunder, including the obligor, contemporaneously with the acquisition of the asset by the depository institution,
(C) was approved by the board of directors of the depository institution or its loan committee, which approvalshall be reflected in the minutes of -said board or committee, and
(D) has been, continuously, from the time of its execution, an official record of the depository institution.
12 U.S.C. § 1823(e).
Section 1823(e) thus invalidated the use of any secret “agreements” as a defense or claim against the FDIC when such an agreement was intended to defeat the right, title, or interest of the FDIC in any asset acquired by it as either security for a loan or by a purchase and assumption transaction. See Howell v. Cont’l Credit Corp.,
Section 1821(d) adds to the power of § 1823(e) and states that “any agreement which does not meet the requirements set forth in [§ 1823(e)] shall not form the basis of, or substantially comprise, a claim against the [FDIC].” 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(9)(A). As recently as March 2016, the Seventh Circuit affirmed the use of § 1823(e) and § 1821(d)(9)(A) as a bar to claims against the FDIC. United Cent. Bank v. Davenport Estate LLC,
C. Are D’Oench and § 1823(e) Co-Extensive?
There - is some disagreement as to whether D’Oench and § 1823(e) should be read co-extensively or whether instead § 1823(e) should be interpreted as having superseded D’Oench. See' Adams v. Zimmerman,
Both parties agreed at oral argument, although for different reasons, that the interplay between the common law doctrine and the statute does not substantially affect this Court’s final decision in this case. First, the case law surrounding each has become so enmeshed with one another that it is difficult to determine where D’Oench ends and the statute begins; See Royal Bank of Canada v. FDIC,
In John v. Resolution Trust Corp., the Seventh Circuit noted, without deciding the issue, that courts are split over whether the common law D’Oench doctrine is broader than § 1823(e).
The scope of “agreements” precluded by § 1823(e) as evidence supporting a claim or defense is expansive. Langley,
D. Do the FDIC’s Defenses Apply in Bankruptcy?
The Plaintiff argues that regardless of whether the elements are met, § 1823(e) cannot be asserted by the FDIC in a fraudulent transfer suit in bankruptcy. This argument is supported by two rationales: (1) fraudulent transfer claims arise by operation of law and therefore § 1823(e) does not apply; and (2) a fraudulent transfer claim does not require the introduction of a secret agreement and therefore § 1823(e) does not apply.
1. Is a Bankruptcy Trustee Exempt from § 1823(e)?
The Plaintiff argues that a trustee in bankruptcy cannot be estopped from asserting the terms of a secret agreement in a fraudulent transfer action because a trustee’s rights arise by operation of law under the Bankruptcy Code and therefore the FDIC is subject to the trustee’s special power in bankruptcy. The Plaintiff argues that “the language of § 1823(e) does not touch the federally-created right of a bankruptcy trustee to act on behalf of innocent creditors.” (Resp. p. 8.)
In Thistlethwaite v. FDIC (In re Pernie Bailey Drilling Co.),
In addressing this issue, the Court turns first to Jobin v. Resolution Trust Corp., upon which both parties rely.
With respect to Jobiris first conclusion, that court “rejected] the Pemie Bailey court’s reasoning” and found “that the Bankruptcy Code and § 1823(e) should be interpreted in a way to give meaning to both.” Id. at 166. The court reasoned that “[b]oth entities [the bankruptcy trustee and the FDIC] are equally deserving of specialized tools to carry out their powers. Like the Trustee, the [FDIC] ‘does not voluntarily step into the shoes of the bank; it is thrust into those shoes.’ ” Id. at 167 (internal citation omitted).
The Court strongly agrees with this conclusion. The Court rejects the Plaintiffs argument that a trustee in bankruptcy is immune from Title 12 defenses and holds that the Bankruptcy Code and § 1823(e) should be interpreted in such a way as to give meaning to both Title 11 and 12. See
But this Court strongly rejects the Plaintiffs second argument from the Jobin decision that the secret agreement in question must be one between a debtor and the acquired bank.
First, there does not appear to be any requirement explicitly stated in either D’Oench or in § 1823(e) mandating that the acquired bank be a party to the secret agreement. The Jobin court appears to have simply assumed that to be the case, perhaps because it is true of the majority of fact situations in which the D’Oench defense arises. While it may be true that many — perhaps most — cases in which these defenses are asserted involve secret agreements between the acquired bank and its borrower, nothing in D’Oench or-in § 1823(e) requires that factor be present. Indeed, there are strong policy reasons to reject that requirement.
Consider the. inequitable and even nonsensical results that would occur if that requirement were to be applied here. If Charter had been guilty of being a party to the secret arrangement that made EAR and MTD’s fraud possible, then the FDIC would be off the hook under the D’Oench doctrine. But because Charter was, for purposes of this motion, an unwitting victim of EAR and MTD’s scam and entirely ignorant of their secret arrangement, then the Plaintiff argues that the FDIC should be right back on the hook. That is a result that makes absolutely no sense from any rational policy perspective.
Moreover, D’Oench and § 1823(e) have been applied by numerous courts to bar claims arising under federal law, including in the bankruptcy context. See, e.g., Capitol Bank & Trust Co. v. 604 Columbus Ave. Realty Trust (In re 604 Columbus Ave. Realty Trust),
The Court therefore finds that there is no reason to hold that D’Oench and § 1823(e) are not co-extensive with Title 11. The FDIC’s rights do not change because the litigation is before the bankruptcy court. Thus, if there is a valid § 1823(e) or D’Oench defense to be asserted, it may be asserted by the FDIC in a bankruptcy case. For these reasons, the Court concludes, as have other courts, that D’Oench and § 1823(e) apply in bankruptcy cases to estop a party from relying on an unwritten agreement outside the institution’s records in an effort to defeat or diminish the FDIC’s interest in an asset.
2. Are Fraudulent Transfer Claims Exempt from Application of § 1823(e)?
This case is different from the typical case where D’Oench and § 1823(e) apply. The Plaintiff argues that the § 1823(e) defense does not apply to a fraudulent transfer claim because such claim does not rely on the enforcement of a secret agreement. There are two sub-arguments presented here:
The first, relying on Jobin, is that the “secret agreement” referred to under the D’Oench doctrine must be an agreement between the debtor and the acquired financial institution, and no such agreement is present in this case. This argument has been considered and rejected in a prior section of this Opinion.
The second argument, relying on Gallant v. Kanterman (In re Kanterman),
If the Plaintiff is merely arguing that it is theoretically possible for a bankruptcy trustee to prove a debtor’s fraudulent intent through evidence other than a-failed bank’s books and recox-ds, that statement is obviously true,
E. The Plaintiffs Reliance on a “Secret Agreement”
In order to determine whether the Plaintiffs claims are precluded by D’Oench or § 1823(e), this Court need not address whether all of the elements for a fraudulent transfer have been met. Instead, the Court need only decide whether the Plaintiff seeks to introduce a secret agreement as evidence of the fraudulent transfer in order to defeat the FDIC’s interest in the payments. For the following reasons, the Court finds that this is exactly what the Plaintiff is seeking tó do in this matter: First, it is undisputed that there was a secret arrangement (or “agreement,” if you prefer) between EAR and MTD to sell, resell, lease, and re-lease the same equipment over and over again, while pretending to the outside world that each new sale or lease transaction involved a fresh set of equipment. Second, it is precisely that secret arrangement between EAR and MTD that made EAR’S unlawful and fraudulent scheme both possible and, for a time, successful. As discussed below, it is this Court’s opinion that D’Oench prevents the introduction of that evidence against the FDIC, and summary judgment must therefore be awarded in favor of the FDIC.
Both the purpose for which the agreement is asserted and the form of the arrangement meet the requirements of D’Oench and § 1823(e). First, the alleged scheme is obviously being introduced in order to “diminish or defeat” the FDIC’s “right, title or interest” in the funds received through 2009 and in the remaining balance in the three notes. Second, the Plaintiff seeks to introduce evidence of the arrangement between EAR and MTD to establish that transfers were made with the intent to hinder, delay, and defraud creditors because the collateral was either already pledged to another creditor or did not exist.
The Plaintiff has alleged no facts in the second amended complaint, in his response to the FDIC’s statement of material facts, or at oral argument, that would establish fraudulent intent without reliance upon the secret arrangement between EAR and MTD. Specifically, the second amended complaint alleges:
1. “These transfers were made in furtherance of Sheldon Player’s (“Player”) fraudulent lease scheme which caused the loss of tens of millions of dollars.” (Second Am. Compl. ¶ 1) (emphasis added).
2. “The funds transferred to Charter Bank were a part of and furthered Player’s scheme, and therefore, served to hinder, delay, and defraud EAR’s creditors.” (Id, at ¶ 3) (emphasis added).
3. “[The Plaintiff] requests that this Court grant relief that will return the funds which were transferred to Charter Bank as part, of Player’s scheme.” (Id. at ¶ 4). (emphasis added).
4. “As part of this fraudulent scheme, Player caused EAR to enter into financing and financing-type lease agreements with certain entities... (Id. at ¶ 13) (emphasis added).
5. “The transactions with Charter Bank are of the type of financing arrangements that Player used to perpetuate his wrongful scheme.” (Id. at ¶ 20) (emphasis added).
6. “Because the transfers made to Charter Bank were part of Player’s frcmd-ulent scheme, the transfers that EARmade to Charter Bank in satisfaction of the Agreements were made with the actual intent to hinder, delay, and defraud EAR’S remaining creditors.” (Id.) (emphasis added).
7. “The Transfers were made as a part of the fraudulent scheme perpetrated at EAR by Sheldon Player.” (Id. at ¶ 24) (emphasis added).
The Plaintiffs claims against the FDIC are utterly dependent upon him proving the existence of the alleged scheme between EAR and MTD. Thus, if the Plaintiff cannot introduce evidence of the scheme, he will have failed to establish the requisite intent, and his causes of action for recovery of fraudulent conveyances will therefore fail.
Like the debtors in Langley and D’Oench, EAR “lent [itself] to a scheme or arrangement whereby the banking authority [Charter] ... was likely to be misled” and therefore “that scheme or arrangement [can] not be the basis for a [claim] against the FDIC.” D’Oench,
Contrary to what the Plaintiff argues in his response, the purpose of D’Oench and § 1823(e) would best be served by allowing the FDIC to assert its defenses. The purpose of § 1823(e) is to ensure that bank examiners can rely on a bank’s records in evaluating its assets. Langley,
Indeed, the fact that EAR and some of its representatives took great pains to hide its fraudulent arrangement with MTD from Charter (and thus from the FDIC) is exactly the kind of conduct that D’Oench and § 1823(e) are designed to protect against. The Supreme Court clearly understood that “[t]he harm to the FDIC caused by the failure to record occur[red] no later than the time at which it conducted] its first bank examination that [was] unable to detect the unrecorded agreement and to prompt the invocation of available protective measures, including termination of the bank’s deposit insurance.” Langley,
F. Count IY — 11 U.S.C. § 502(d)
In Count IV of the second amended complaint, the Plaintiff seeks disallowance of Charter’s claim under § 502(d). Under § 502(d), “the court shall disallow any claim of any entity from which property is recoverable under section ... 550, ... or that is a transferee of a transfer avoidable under section ... 548 ..., unless such entity or transferee has paid the amount, or turned over any such property, for which such entity or transferee is liable under section ... 550_” 11 U.S.C. § 502(d).
Because the Court finds that the transfers made by EAR to Charter cannot be
V. CONCLUSION
To summarize, the Court holds that the defenses of § 1828(e) and D’Oench do apply in bankruptcy. The Court further holds that, while the existence of a secret arrangement or scheme is a necessary part of that defense, there is no requirement that the acquired bank be a party to that secret arrangement or scheme. Because the undisputed facts demonstrate that a secret arrangement between EAR and MTD is at the heart of the Plaintiffs claims, and because the defenses of D’Oench and § 1823(e) preclude the Plaintiff from relying on such a secret arrangement to prove EAR’S fraudulent intent, the Court holds that the FDIC is entitled to summary judgment in its favor.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants the FDIC’s motion for summary judgment on all counts of the second amended complaint.
Notes
. Charter filed a proof of claim on June 2, 2010 in the amount of $593,964.99 (Claim No. 89-1).
. The Plaintiff suggests that there might be additional facts, but fails to allege what these facts might be or why they would be material. (Resp, to Statement of Material Facts pp, 1-2; “[T]here are material facts in dispute between the Plaintiff and the FDIC. However, the FDIC has moved for summary judgment solely on the basis of 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e) and, 'therefore, those facts are not material for.the purposes of resolving this narrow question of law.”)
. See, e,g., Brandt v. Rohr-Alpha, Inc. (In re Equip. Acquisition Res., Inc.), Bankr. No. 09 B 39937, Adv. No 11 A 02147,
. Prior to 1989, § 1823(e) only applied to cases where the FDIC was the purchaser in a purchase and assumption transaction, not a receiver.’ Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of-1989 ("FIR-REA”), Pub. L. No. 101-73, 103 Stat. 183 (Aug. 9, 1989); FDIC v. British-American Corp.,
. The Plaintiff does not explicitly make the argument in his brief that Charter must be a party to the “secret'' agreement. He has implied it in his discussion of and selective quotation from the Jobin decision, however, and the FDIC has explicitly addressed the issue in both of its briefs. However, the Court finds that "D'Oench. Duhme and § 1823(e) concern the evidence used to defeat the government’s interest, not who is attempting to do so. They apply to any party attempting to defeat the government’s interest in assets acquired from a failed institution[.]” not who are the "contractual” parties. Jobin v. Resolution Trust Corp.,
. In its reply brief, the FDIC cites to 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(17) to further establish that its rights to avoid transfers are actually "superior to comparable rights of the bankruptcy trustee.” (Reply p. 9 (quoting John v. FDIC,
. The Court notes that like the court in Jobin, the court in Gallant v. Kanterman (In re Kanterman) concluded that D’Oench and § 1823(e) do not estop a bankruptcy trustee’s claims for fraudulent transfer where there is no agreement between the debtor and the lender.
. For example, a sworn admission by a debtor that he acted with fraudulent intent could properly be asserted against the FDIC without running afoul of D’Oench and § 1823(e).