605 F.2d 323 | 7th Cir. | 1979
This is an appeal by a trustee in bankruptcy from an order by which the district court adopted the decision of a bankruptcy judge as its own, and then resolved additional issues. We agree with the district court, including its adoption of the decision which in the district judge’s opinion, and ours as well, correctly articulated the applicable law. That decision is reported In the Matters of Kurt W. Zahn and Anna Zahn, Bankrupts, 2 Bankruptcy Court Decisions 1609 (E.D.Wis.1977), and is attached hereto as an Appendix.
From the record of the bankruptcy court, it appears that appellees Kurt W. Zahn, and his wife Anna, filed a voluntary petition in bankruptcy on November 20, 1975. They owned a farm, their homestead, valued at $141,000 which appellant trustee sold free and clear of liens for an amount in excess of $25,000. All of their debts, with one exception, were contracted prior to March 12, 1974, the effective date of Wis.Stat. § 272.-20 (1974) which increased homestead exemption in Wisconsin from $10,000 to $25,-000.
In his report of exempt property, appellant refused to set aside more than $10,000 as exempt homestead for appellees, contending that to do so would have unconstitutionally invaded the contract rights of
APPENDIX
DECISION
Kurt W. Zahn and his wife, Anna Zahn, filed bankruptcy on November 20, 1975. They owned a farm valued at $141,000 which was their homestead. Although the bankrupts did not appear to have very much equity in the farm, the trustee in bankruptcy was able to sell the farm free and clear of liens so that he has in excess of $25,000 on hand. The bankrupts claim a homestead exemption in the amount of $25,000 pursuant to Sec. 272.20 of the Wisconsin Statutes. This Statute was amended on March 12, 1974 to increase the homestead exemption from $10,000 to $25,000. The Statute also provides that where a husband and wife own land jointly and reside in the same household, the exemption may be claimed by either or may be divided in any proportion between them, but in no event shall the exemption exceed $25,000.
The trustee filed his report of exempt property on January 19,1976 setting aside a homestead exemption “not to exceed a total of $10,000 to be divided between husband and wife.” He stated as his reason: “Trustee respectfully refuses and declines to set aside as exempt the homestead of the bankrupts in excess of $10,000 on the grounds that any allowance by the trustee in excess of $10,000 would be unconstitutional invasion of the contract rights vis-a-vis judgment creditors that existed at the time that the Wisconsin statutory allowance for homestead was limited to $10,000.”
It is the trustee’s position that the bankrupts cannot assert the $25,000 exemption against creditors who extended credit prior to the amendment of March 12, 1974. In support of his position he relies upon the general rule of constitutional law which holds that when a state statute is passed after a contract has been entered into, and the statute so affects the creditor’s remedy as to impair substantially the value of the contract, the application of the statute to that contract violates Article 1, Sec. 10 of the U.S. Constitution. Edwards v. Kearzey, 96 U.S. 595, 24 L.Ed. 793 (1877); W. B. Worthen Co. v. Thomas, 292 U.S. 426, 54 S.Ct. 816, 78 L.Ed. 1344 (1934). This rule was applied by the Wisconsin Supreme Court to preclude the application of an increased homestead exemption to an action arising out of a contract entered into when the exemption was only $5000. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co. v. Holz, Inc., 24 Wis.2d 587, 129 N.W.2d 330.
Counsel for the bankrupts objected to the Exempt Property Report of the trustee on the grounds that the creditors did not rely upon the lower exemption of $10,000 when they extended credit, and upon the further grounds that the creditors did not have lien rights prior to the amendment of the Statute. If the court were to consider only these objections raised by counsel for the bankrupts, the objections would be overruled because there is no requirement in the constitutional rule that creditors have a judgment lien. The rule is based upon the
The question presented is extremely important to the future administration of bankruptcy cases in Wisconsin and for that reason the court feels compelled to consider other reasons not advanced in the briefs which go to the heart of the problem. The principal problem is whether a trustee in bankruptcy should examine the claims of creditors to determine if any of the creditors extended credit prior to the amended of the homestead statute so that as to them the exemption would be only $10,000.
The basic direction to a trustee in bankruptcy may be found in Sec. 6 of the Bankruptcy Act which provides in part:
This Act shall not affect the allowance to bankrupts of the exemptions which are prescribed by the laws of the United States or by the State laws in force at the time of the filing of the petition . [Underscoring ours.]
Rule 403(b) requires that the trustee shall examine the bankrupt’s claim for exemptions and set apart such as are lawfully claimed and allowable. This report is to be filed no later than 15 days after his appointment. If no objections are filed within 15 days, the report is deemed to be approved by the Court (Rule 403(e)). It should be observed that the trustee must act very promptly and that he has only 15 days to set off the exemptions. It should be further noted that the exemptions are determined by the laws in force on the date of the filing of the petition. The problem here is what should the trustee do if the exemptions in force at the time of the filing of the petition do not apply as to some creditors.
The leading case on the subject was decided many years ago by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Lockwood v. Exchange Bank, 190 U.S. 294, 23 S.Ct. 751, 47 L.Ed. 1061 (1902). In that case one creditor held a “waiver note” which was recognized in Georgia as a valid waiver of a homestead exemption. The question presented was stated as follows:
Has the bankruptcy court jurisdiction to protect or enforce against the bankrupt’s exemption the rights of creditors not having a judgment or other lien, whose promissory notes or other like obligations to pay contain a written waiver of the homestead and exemption authorized and prescribed by the Constitution of the State, or are such creditors to be remitted to the State courts for such relief as may be there obtained?
In answering this question the U.S. Supreme Court laid down the rule of law which has been followed by bankruptcy courts since 1902. The court held that the bankruptcy court has no jurisdiction to protect or enforce against the bankrupt’s exemption, the rights of creditors who may have a written waiver of the homestead exemption. Such creditors must assert their rights in a state court and the bankruptcy court may withhold the discharge of the bankrupt for a reasonable time to give them an opportunity to do so. The U.S. Supreme Court went on to say:
Though it be conceded that some inconvenience may arise from the construction which the text of the statute requires, the fact of such inconvenience would not justify us in disregarding both its letter and spirit. Besides, if mere arguments of inconvenience were to have weight, the fact cannot be overlooked that the contrary construction would produce a greater inconvenience. The difference, however, between the two is this: That in the latter case — that is, causing the exempt property to form a part of the bankruptcy assets — the inconvenience would be irremediable, since it would compel the administration of the exempt property as part of the estate in bankruptcy; whilst in the other, the rights of creditors having no lien, as in the case at bar, but having a remedy under the state law against the exempt property, may be protected by the court of bankruptcy, since, certainly, there would exist in favor of a creditor holding a waiver note, like that*326 possessed by the petitioning creditor in the case at bar, an equity entitling him to a reasonable postponement of the discharge of the bankrupt, in order to allow the institution in the state court of such proceedings as might be necessary to make effective the rights possessed by the creditor.
This rule has been criticized by some authors, but never overruled. For a discussion and critique see the following articles:
Collier, 14th Ed., 6.05
68 Yale Law Journal, 1459 reprinted in
Vol. 33
Referees’ Journal, 111 October 1959
1938 Wis. Law Review 510
The majority of the courts in construing the rights of a trustee in bankruptcy have concluded that since exempt property is not part of the bankrupt’s assets, the bankruptcy court has no power to administer exempt property. More importantly, the Court of Appeals for this circuit has several times cited and followed the Lockwood rule. One of the earliest cases to be considered by the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit arose in this district. In re Lippow, 92 F.2d 619. Although the case arose upon an objection to discharge for the failure of the bankrupt to itemize his wearing apparel and household furnishings in his bankruptcy schedules, the real question before the court was how to administer assets which were not exempt as to some creditors who had a claim for the unpaid purchase price.
Nevertheless, the law is settled differently, and seems to be, in brief, that the sole question to be determined by the bankruptcy court is whether or not the property is exempt against creditors in general. If it be so exempt, then it is to be set apart, and further administration of it refused, notwithstanding that, as to some creditors, it might not be exempt.
The soundness of this rule can best be illustrated by the problems which would arise in nearly every bankruptcy case in Wisconsin if the trustee were required to administer assets which are not exempt as to some creditors. For example, almost every bankrupt has clothing, furniture, a television set or other exempt property for which the purchase price has not been paid. The schedules may list numerous department stores or other creditors against whom the exemptions do not apply. Under today’s modern credit card system such creditors would include companies who issue credit cards because such cards are often used to purchase items which would not be exempt because the purchase price has not been paid. Should the trustee be required to take possession and sell such items of clothing and furniture because they are not exempt as to some creditors? If the trustee were to follow the same rule which he applied in the instant cases, he would be required to refuse to set off as exempt any property for which the purchase price has not been paid because as to some creditors such property would not be exempt. Thus, in practically every bankruptcy case the trustee would be required to administer exempt property because as to some creditors it would not be exempt. The mere problem of determining which creditors have claims for the purchase price of exempt property would be a time-consuming task for the trustee. It would mean that he would be required to examine every creditor who has a possible claim for the purchase price of exempt property. Obviously such administration of exempt property in the bankruptcy courts was never intended by the Bankruptcy Act. Under the rule cited in the Matter of Lippow, supra, it is not necessary to consider such claims because the sole question to be determined is whether or not the property is exempt against creditors in general. If it be so exempt, it is to be set apart and further administration of it refused, notwithstanding that as to some creditors, it might not be exempt.
If creditors have claims against the exempt property the bankruptcy court is not open to litigate such rights. The bankruptcy court has only jurisdiction to set off the exemption to which a claim is made and to which the bankrupt is entitled. No interest in that property passes to the trustee, and the exempt property is no part of the assets of the bankrupt’s estate subject to administration in the bankruptcy court. If the creditor has any rights against such property claimed and set off to the bankrupt as exempt, the courts of the State are the proper forum to litigate such claims. Lockwood v. Exchange Bank, 190 U.S. 294, 23 S.Ct. 751, 47 L.Ed. 1061; Stein v. Bostian, 8 Cir., 133 F.2d 586, 589.
In Stein v. Bostian, 133 F.2d 586, CA8, which was cited by our Court of Appeals, the court considered the same question and stated:
If creditors of a bankrupt assert that property, while exempt generally, is not exempt from process to enforce their particular debts, they must resort to courts other than the court of bankruptcy to enforce payment out of such property. [See] Duffy v. Tegeler, [CA8] 19 F.2d 305, 308; Compare Hukill-Hunter Co. v. Oliver, [CA3] 43 F.2d 100.
The rule established by the Seventh Circuit is consistent with other decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court which have dealt with the problem as to when the bankrupt’s rights to exempt property are determined. One of the earliest decisions is found in White v. Stump, (1924) 266 U.S. 310, 45 S.Ct. 103, 69 L.Ed. 301. In the White case the bankrupt attempted to perfect a homestead exemption after he filed bankruptcy by filing a declaration required under Idaho law. Although the lower courts allowed the exemption, the Supreme Court reversed and stated:
When the law speaks of property which is exempt and of rights to exemptions, it of course, refers to some point of time. In our opinion this point of time is the one as of which the general estate passes out of the bankrupt’s control, and with respect to which the status and rights of the bankrupt, the creditors, and the trustee in other particulars are fixed. The provisions before cited show that one common point of time is intended, and that is the date of filing of the petition. [Underscoring ours]
A more recent decision of the United States Supreme Court which deals with the time when the rights of a trustee in bankruptcy are ascertained is Lewis v. Manufacturers National Bank, 364 U.S. 603, 81 S.Ct. 347, 5 L.Ed.2d 323 (1961) where the court stated:
We think that one consistent theory underlies the several versions of Sec. 70(c) which we have set forth viz, that the rights of creditors — whether they are existing or hypothetical — to which the trustee succeeds are to be ascertained as of “the date of bankruptcy,” not at an anterior point of time. That is to say, the trustee acquires the status of a creditor as of the time when the petition of bankruptcy is filed .
The court is mindful of the decision by Bankruptcy Judge Bessman of the Western District of Wisconsin in the Matter of Langley No. 75-758 and No. 75-759 which was affirmed on January 4, 1976 (66,028 CCH.) [
It is important to note that in England v. Sanderson, supra, the court relied upon and cited Constance v. Harvey, CA2 (1954) 215 F.2d 571. The latter case may have been good authority in 1956 when England v. Sanderson, supra, was decided, but it is no longer sound authority because in 1961 the U.S. Supreme Court in Lewis v. Manufacturers National Bank, supra, reversed Constance v. Harvey with respect to the time when the rights of a trustee are ascertained when Mr. Justice Harlan in his concurring opinion stated:
As the judge who wrote for the Court of Appeals in Constance v. Harvey, 2 Cir., 215 F.2d 571, I think it appropriate to say that I have long since come to the view that the second opinion in Constance, 215 F.2d 575 was ill-considered. I welcome this opportunity to join in setting the matter right.
As stated above, the U.S. Supreme Court has clearly stated in Lewis v. Manufacturers National Bank, supra, that “the rights of creditors — whether they are existing or hypothetical — to which the trustee succeeds are to be ascertained as of ‘the date of bankruptcy,’ not at an anterior period of time. That is to say, the trustee acquires the status of a creditor as of the time when the petition of bankruptcy is filed.” It is also stated in Collier, 14th Ed. Sec. 6.05(2) at p. 810:
The rule is now well settled that the bankruptcy court has no jurisdiction to enforce a lien or claim upon exempt property and that such matters must be litigated, usually in the state courts. [Underscoring ours]
In support of the rule expressed above, Collier cites Matter of Vonhee (D.C.Wash.), 238 F. 422 where the state statute allowed claims for wages as against exempt property. The court in Vonhee said:
The only question for the court to determine is whether, as against general creditors, the bankrupt’s property is exempt. If it is exempt as against general creditors, the control exercised by the bankruptcy court is limited. Whether the property is subject to equities, liens, or judgments of individual or special creditors is not the concern of the bankruptcy court, and where special claims are made which take away the right of exemption as to them, the state court is the proper forum in which to proceed for the enforcement of such claims.
In support of this general rule Collier cites numerous cases in Footnote 14 including cases in the Seventh Circuit. It is noted that England v. Sanderson, C.A.9, 236 F.2d 641 is cited as being contrary or distinguishable from the general rule.
The Langley decision in the Western District of Wisconsin rests to a large extent upon a decision by the Wisconsin Supreme Court in the Case of Ohio Casualty Inc. Co. v. Holz & Holz, Inc., 24 Wis.2d 587, 129 N.W.2d 330. It is here stated that the Referee in Bankruptcy “erroneously determined the amount of the exemption” when he allowed a $10,000 homestead exemption instead of $5000. However, it must be noted that the only case cited by the Wisconsin Supreme Court in support of that statement is England v. Sanderson, supra, from the Ninth Circuit. As pointed out above, the rule in England v. Sanderson, supra, is a minority rule and appears to be contrary to decisions in our own Seventh Circuit. If the cases in the Seventh Circuit had been called to the attention of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, the statement with respect to the action of the Referee in Bankruptcy might well have been different. Actually this court has no quarrel with the decision of the Wisconsin Supreme Court in Ohio Casualty Ins. Co., supra. It should be pointed out however that a trustee in bankruptcy, or the rights of such trustee were not involved in the case. It was simply an action between several individuals to determine their rights to a homestead exemption under the Wisconsin Statutes. The decision has no application to the question now before this bankruptcy court, and we submit
It should be further noted that the trustee’s actions in the Zahn cases now before this court are similar to the erroneous ruling made by the Referee in Bankruptcy in Lockwood v. Exchange Bank, supra. In Lockwood the trustee made the correct decision when he set off the homestead exemption but a creditor holding a waiver note filed an objection. The Referee then reversed the trustee’s actions and ruled in the same manner as the trustee would have the court rule in the instant case, and held that part of the exempt property should be administered for the benefit of creditors holding waiver notes. The Referee’s decision was affirmed below, but in reversing the lower court the U.S. Supreme Court stated:
We think that the terms of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898 . . . clearly evidence [of] the intention of Congress that the title to the property of a bankrupt, generally exempted by State laws should remain in the bankrupt and not pass to his representative in bankruptcy.
This decision has never been reversed, and must be considered the leading authority today.
A difficult problem here is that the trustee claims that only one creditor out of a total of 38 creditors extended credit after the homestead amendment, and that 37 creditors were pre-existing creditors. When the trustee attempted to prove these facts at the trial, the court ruled that such evidence was immaterial. However, so that the record is available, the trustee was allowed to submit proof as to the date when each debt arose. In the opinion of the court this evidence merely proves the well-known rule that “hard cases make bad law.” There may be only one creditor who will receive a windfall in this case, but in the future we may have cases where most of the creditors extended credit after the homestead amendment. What should the trustee do in such cases? We submit that he can avoid this problem by simply following the rule established in this Circuit in Lippow and Urban. He should set off the exemptions which are in force at the time the petition is filed. If any creditors have claims that as to them a lower exemption would apply, the proper forum for establishing such claims is in the State courts as stated in Lockwood v. Exchange Bank, supra.
It should be mentioned that a proposed bill may soon be introduced in the Wisconsin Legislature to increase many of the outmoded exemptions which were enacted in the 19th Century. For example, the $200 exemption for household furniture in Sec. 272.18(5) of the Statutes is clearly inadequate under today’s standards of value. What if the legislature increases the household furniture exemption? Should the trustee be required to examine the schedules in every case to determine which creditors are pre-existing creditors? Under the England v. Sanderson, supra, rule he would be required to set off as exempt only $200 worth of household furniture and sell the remainder for the benefit of pre-existing creditors. This hypothetical situation illustrates the wisdom of the Seventh Circuit rule expressed in Lippow. Under the Lippow rule the trustee will not be concerned with the rights of pre-existing creditors. He will simply set off the exemptions which apply to creditors generally on the date of bankruptcy, and those creditors who claim some special right to exempt property must assert their rights in the state courts.
For the reasons stated this court holds that the duty of a trustee in bankruptcy is to set off the exemptions which exist as to creditors generally on the day of filing bankruptcy. The trustee should not be concerned with the rights of creditors who may have liens or special claims against exempt property. Such creditors may foreclose their liens against exempt property in the state courts, or if they do not have liens but merely claim that the exemption does not apply as to them, they may then apply to the bankruptcy court for relief from the automatic stay provided in Rule 401 so that they can proceed in the state courts against
This decision shall constitute the findings of fact and conclusions of law by the court. The attorney for the trustee is requested to submit an appropriate order.
. Sec. 272.20 Wis.Stats.
. Under Sec. 272.18(3) of the Wis.Stats. property is not exempt against a creditor who has a claim for the purchase price.
2 Bankruptcy Court Decision 708.
. The discharge was granted to both husband and wife on Feb. 5, 1976.