Brahmsteadt v. Mystic Workers of the World

152 Wis. 580 | Wis. | 1913

TimliN, J.

Tbe respondent was beneficiary in a membership certificate for $2,000 payable in case of death and issued by tbe appellant to one Edward M. Brahmsteadt, deceased. Tbe certificate contained tbe following condition:

“If death shall occur in consequence of any violation or attempted violation of tbe laws of any state, territory, province or country in wbicb be may be . . . tben tbis- certificate shall be null and void and of no effect, and all moneys wbicb have been paid and all rights and benefits wbicb have accrued on account of tbis certificate, shall be absolutely forfeited and tbis certificate become mill and void.”

The appellant interposed a defense under this paragraph of the contract. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff under an instruction as follows:

“If you should be satisfied by the evidence that said Brahmsteadt did attempt to shoot the said Barnes, but should further believe from the evidence that be did not do so until be was first feloniously assaulted by said Barnes and tben fired only in the defense of bis own person under such circumstances of danger as made it appear to him reasonably necessary to protect himself from death or great bodily harm that he should attempt to shoot said Barnes, tben you cannot find that said shooting by said Brahmsteadt constituted any unlawful assault and your verdict should be in favor of th'e plaintiff.”

The evidence tended to show that in a gun fight between one Barnes and the insured the latter was killed by Barnes. There was produced at the trial no eye-witness of the affray and the evidence submitted was largely circumstantial. The burden of proof to bring the case within the forfeiture clause of the policy wás upon the appellant. Denoyer v. First Nat. Acc. Co. 145 Wis. 450, 130 N. W. 475, and cases cited. It follows that the verdict may be supported by insufficiency of the evidence to establish the opposite conclusion. We find the verdict so supported and also having affirmative support. The instruction above quoted is favorable to appellant in that it requires more in some particulars than is ordinarily necessary to make out a case of justifiable homicide. True, it also falls short of a complete definition, but it was the duty of the appellant in the latter case to propose and offer a supplementary instruction. It is not always necessary to self-defense that the attack or apparent attack repelled should in fact have been felonious. There is no prejudicial error in this instruction.

It is argued that the court erred in excluding the testimony of a witness to whom Barnes gave his version of the affray immediately after the killing of Brahmsteadt and before the flight of Barnes, who has never been apprehended. The testimony offered was purely hearsay, but thought to be nevertheless admissible as res gestee. This phrase has been very variously and loosely applied, but more frequently, I think, to designate certain unsworn oral declarations which would ordinarily be excluded as hearsay, but by reason of their relation to some other relevant fact or transaction under judicial investigation are denominated res gestee and admissible notwithstanding their hearsay character. “The idea of the res gestee presupposes a main fact or principal transaction, and the res gestee mean the circumstances, facts, and declarations which grow out of the main fact, are contemporaneous with it, and serve to illustrate its character.” Quoted in Hermes v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 80 Wis. 590, 50 N. W. 584. Such declarations usually tend to show á mental state, as interest, motive, notice, knowledge, or the lack thereof, or are in the nature of verbal acts, indispensable and elemental constituents of the transaction under investigation, and admissible if we are to have this transaction in its entirety. But the further we recede from the direct investigation of the act or transaction in which such declarations were made, the less competent or admissible becomes this kind of hearsay. When in some collateral inquiry the act or transaction in the doing of which the declarations were made, alone and without such declarations, is irrelevant and incomplete, it cannot be helped out by such declarations, especially if self-serving to the person speaking them and made after the act was consummated. That would be proving the issue by hearsay, for without the hearsay nothing was established. The fact here under investigation is whether or not the death occurred in consequence of any violation or attempted violation by tbe insured of tbe laws of tbis state. Tbe affirmative of tbis is required to be established by competent evidence, and it would be an obvious misapplication of tbe res gestee doctrine to bold that tbe -unsworn and self-serving statements of tbe slayer, made after tbe homicide was consummated, could be admitted in evidence for any such purpose. Indeed, there is authority to tbe effect that even in a prosecution for tbe homicide, where tbe transaction, which resulted in death, with its motive or malice, is tbe direct subject of judicial investigation, such declarations after tbe fact are not admissible as res gestee. King v. State, 65 Miss. 576, 5 South. 97, 7 Am. St. Rep. 681.

By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.