Hackney, J.
The appellant, Mioses Bradford, sued the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad Company, Sylvester H. Kneeland, The Bluffton, Kokomo and South Western Railroad Company, and the Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City Railroad Company, on the 14th day of April, 1886. By cross-complaint the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad Company alleged, against her co-defendants, substantially the same facts pleaded in the complaint. The relief sought in each, said complaint and cross-complaint, was to declare the invalidity of a consolidation of the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo *385Railroad Company, the Toledo, Delphos and Burlington Railroad Company, and the Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad Company, to adjudge the invalidity of certain stock and bonds of the first named company and for the appointment of a receiver for said company.. The alleged interest of Bradford was as a stockholder of the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad Company whose stock had been depreciated by the alleged consolidation and the interest of the cross-complainant was in establishing her franchises and property rights, of which she alleged she had been deprived by said alleged consolidation. The theory of each, the complaint and cross-complaint, was that said consolidation was invalid, first, because of the reduction, on May 11, 1880, of the number of directors of the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad Company from thirteen to five, said reduction having been made at an annual meeting of the stockholders convened pursuant to notice, but not of notice that such change was contemplated, and because a reduction of directors to five in number was authorized only by an act of the Legislature, approved June 17, 1852 (R. S. 1881, section 3891), which was unconstitutional by reason of the failure of the title to'state the object of the act, the board so elected having negotiated and participated in the consolidation ; second, that the three lines attempting consolidation were parallel and competing lines and did not cross or intersect, the constitution and laws of Illinois, in which State one of such lines was organized, forbidding the consolidation of competing lines; third, that the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad Company was represented in said attempted consolidation by less than a majority of its board of directors, considered either as thirteen or five, and by directors who had conspired with the other constituent companies to fraudulently deprive said company of its *386franchises, right of way and property; fourth, that the articles of consolidation did not comply with the laws of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, the respective States of the incorporation of said companies, in the requirements of fifteen directors and as to notice to stockholders and proceedings following the agreement of consolidation; fifth, that a notice, not signed hy the secretary or a majority of the directors was given of a meeting of the' stockholders of said Fi’ankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad Company on February 21, 1882, to ratify and confirm the articles of consolidation of said companies; that of the 13,214 shares, entitled to vote at such meeting, but 12,867 shares were represented and voted, and that said meeting was held at an office different from that named in the notice; and, sixth, that the corporate seal of the cross-complainant was not affixed to said articles, and they were not signed by its legal president and secretary, and no certificate was endorsed hy the several secretaries of the companies upon said articles, nor affidavits made hy the presidents, that the articles were adopted by a two-thirds vote, and such certificate filed in the offices of the secretary of State and the several recorders.
The principal question before this court arises upon the ruling of the circuit court in overruling the demurrers of the appellants, Bradford and the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railway Company, to the affirmative answers of the appellees to the complaint and cross-complaint. The answer to the complaint alleged the presence, active participancy, and concurrence of Bradford in the meetings of the stockholders of May 11, 1881, and February 21, 1882, that he voted to change the number of directors, voted for the five chosen, voted for the consolidation and voted to confirm the consolidation agreed upon. It was alleged in both the answer to the complaint and *387that to the cross-complaint, that the companies consolidating had not constructed parallel lines hut merely had them in contemplation; that notice of the stockholders’ meeting of February 21, 1882, was duly published for more than thirty days previous to such meeting, in newspapers of general circulation in the counties through which the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad was constructed and contemplated, that said notice specified, as one of the objects of the meeting, the purpose to take action upon the proposed consolidation, and that said notice was signed by the secretary of said company; that said meeting was held at the time and place designated in the notice; that 13,214 shares of-stock were authorized to be voted at said meeting and that 12,867 shares were represented and voted; that the shares so represented were voted unanimously in favor of such consolidation and in favor of directions to the president and secretary of the company to execute the articles of consolidation reported and considered by the meeting; that said articles of consolidation were executed as directed, and were acquiesced in by all parties for six years before this suit was instituted.
It is further alleged, in each of said answers, that H. R. Low & Oo., a railway construction company, by contract with the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad Company, had agreed to construct a line of railway from Warren, Huntington county, to Kokomo, Howard county, for a stated sum per mile, for all of the stock in said company, excepting the stock to issue to localities voting aid to such construction, and for certain first mortgage bonds of said railway company; that pending such contract, and while said railway was under construction, the construction company contracted with the Toledo, Delphos and Burlington Railway Company, to construct, for said latter company, a railway over the same line, *388which, railway had theretofore been in contemplation as a part of that company’s railway, to transfer to said, railway company all of the capital stock and mortgage-bonds of the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railway Company, all to be paid for by said Toledo, Delphos & Burlington Railroad Company, as agreed; that in and for the subsequent construction of said line the last-named company paid large sums of money, and became the owner of said stock and bonds, and upon the completion of the railway, the possession thereof was delivered to said last named company; that the money, so> expended by the Toledo, Delphos and Burlington Railroad Company, was raised by a mortgage, on January 17, 1880, of* its line of railway, so theretofore constructed, andas contemplated, including the said line from Warren, to Kokomo; that upon default in the interest upon said latter mortgage, and during the months of November and December, 1885, and March, 1886, there were foreclosures, sale and deeds rendered and executed for the Toledo, Delphos and Burlington Railway, from Toledo, Ohio, to Kokomo, Indiana, covering and including the line claimed to have been owned by the cross-complainant ; that the said Kneeland purchased and became the owner of said lines of railway, and sold the same to the appellee corporation, the Bluffton, Kokomo and Southwestern Railroad Company; that the Bluffton, Kokomo- and Southwestern Railroad Company was thereafter legally consolidated with certain other railroad corporations, and thereby formed the Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City Railroad Company, appellee, and that said Kneeland and said last named company have expended large sums of money upon said railway, between Warren and Kokomo, in extending it from a narrow to a broad gauge line, and for such purpose have issued mortgage bonds thereon, all with the knowledge and *389-entire acquiescence of the complainant and the cross-complainant, until this suit was instituted.
The sufficiency of the notice of the stockholders’ meeting of May 11, 1881, and whether the act of the Legislature of June 17th, 1852, is constitutional, would seem to be wholly immaterial, if the directors, consisting of five members, were de facto officers, or if the action of the stockholders, in the meeting of February 21st, 1882, had ■the effect to bind the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Eailroad Company by the articles of consolidation. And, it would seem that, whether the act in question was constitutional, or whether the Frankfort, etc., company was estopped by the action of ninety-seven per centum ■of its stock, in making -the consolidation, directed February 21st, 1882, the appellant, Bradford, by his particiqjancy in all of the proceedings, which he characterizes ns fraudulent and without authority, and in which he acquiesced for nearly six years, and until new rights-attached and large investments are made, should have no standing to claim the overthrow of his own action.
Our first inquiry, therefore, will be as to the validity -of the action of the stockholders of the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Eailroad Company, of February 21st, 1882. The meeting was called by thirty days’ publication of the time, place, and object thereof; ninety-seven per centum of the capital stock was represented at, and voted in favor of, the consolidation, and directed the president and secretary to execute the articles of consolidation, which were read to, and approved by, the meeting, and said articles were executed by said officers, as directed. By section 3893, R. S. 1881, (section 5143, R. S. 1894), it is provided that special meetings of the stockholders may be called at any time, “by giving thirty days’ public notice, of the time and place of the meeting, * * in a newspaper published in each county *390through which such road shall be intended to run.” The answers alleged a compliance with these provisions. Neither the complaint nor the cross-complaint alleged the nonexistence of by-laws, or that under by-laws the number of shares voting for the consolidation were less than the number required by the by-laws, and the issue was not, therefore, tendered for response by the answer. Under section 3897, R. S. 1881 (section 5117, R. S. 1891), the directors of railway companies possessed power to enact by-laws governing the disposition of stock, property, and business of the companies. There being no such issue, we must presume that the requisite stock was voted.
Much of the contention of the appellants rested upon the assumption that, under the. laws of Illinois, and of Ohio, the action of the stockholders of the cross-complainant, on the 21st day of February, 1882, was invalid, because of the failure, in obtaining the consent of such stockholders to said consolidation, to observe such laws in the notice of the meeting, and in other respects relating to the separate action of said company. This assumption arose upon sections 3971, 3975, R. S. 1881; sections 5257, 5262, R. S. 1891. These sections gave power to the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Railroad Company to consolidate and merge its stock with that of any other company, making of such consolidated companies one joint stock company, “upon such terms as may be by them mutually agreed upon, in accordance with the laws of the adjoining State, with whose road ■ or roads connections are thus 'formed.” We do not believe that it was the legislative intention, in this provision, to incorporate by reference the laws of Illinois and Ohio as a part of our law for the determination of the distinct rights, powers and privileges of an Indiana railway company. We cannot concur in the theory that this enactment was intended to provide that, when *391stockholders of an Indiana company desired to agree among themselves that their company should consolidate with other companies in Illinois and Ohio, they should be called together by the notice, and conduct their meeting by the methods prescribed by the laws of such other States. So far as the question of consolidation affected alone the Indiana company, and the steps by which it should obtain the concurrence of its own stockholders, we have no doubt the Legislature never intended to subject such company to the provisions of the constitution and laws of States, other than Indiana. If we are correct in this conclusion, the words, “in accordance with the laws of the adjoining State,” as found in section 3971, supra, were intended to qualify the general power of consolidation, to the extent that such consolidation, or the “terms” of the mutual agreement of consolidation, be not in conflict with the laws of adjoining States. Certainly, the several constituent companies could not be interested in the method by which each secured the concurrence of its stockholders, provided only that such concurrence'was sanctioned by the laws of the State of the company whose stockholders so concur, and, most certainly, Indiana would not be interested in abandoning her own laws for the government of her corporations, and in substituting the laws of another State, when the question of government was one in respect, to which Indiana alone would be interested.'
Up to the point of consolidation there was no irregularity, or possible invalidity, of the proceedings of the Indiana corporation, unless it arose from the alleged want of authority in the board of directors, consisting of five members, to call the meeting of February 21, 1882. The statute directed the call by tbe board and it is alleged in the answers, that the call was by order of the board. If, from the want of power to constitute a *392board of five members, the acts of those chosen were void, it is regarded as exceedingly doubtful, if the action of the stockholders would not bind the corporation, and the participating stockholder, Bradford, against all the world, save, possibly, the few shares of stock not present and participating in the meeting. Notice is required for the benefit of the stockholders, and is not so imperative that the stockholders themselves may not waive it. In Green Brice’s Ultra Vires it is distinctly laid down, that: “Preliminaries, such as the issuing of formal notices, the publishing of advertisements, and the like, prior to meetings; and regulations relating to the manner of conducting such meetings, ” are requisites merely directory, p. 520, and authorities cited on p. 522. But we need not place the decision of the question upon the doctrine of waiver, or that the requirements were directory. If, conceding for the purposes of the inquiry the act of June 17, 1852, was unconstitutional, and there existed no power to reduce the number of directors from thirteen to five, we must at least assert that there was colorable authority for the proceeding, and that, until the law; should be declared unconstitutional, the acts of those chosen under such colorable authority would be the acts of de facto officers. See Parker v. State, ex rel., 133 Ind. 178 (18 L. R. A. 567), and authorities there cited; also Roberts v. Hill, 137 Ind. 215 ; Boone Corp., section 140; Wood Railway Law, Vol. 1, section 148; Morawetz Private Corp., Vol. 2,. section 638; King v. Bedford Level, 6 East, 356. In the last cited case Lord Ellenborough gave the following definition: ‘ ‘An officer de facto is one who has the reputation of being the officer he assumes to be, and yet is not a good officer in point of law.”
In the present case the corporation, upon the letter of the statute, elected five directors, and turned over to *393them its affairs, and permitted them to transact its business without denial or question. They were de facto officers, even if we were required to hold the law of June 17 th, 1852, unconstitutional.' We do not, however, pass upon the validity of that law.
But, conceding the existence of the irregularities in the proceedings of the consolidation, though none occur to us to affect the validity of the consolidation, we are confronted with the proposition that the present company, and we may say the same of the organization by consolidation, is a de facto corporation, sustaining an important relation to the public and exercising powers and privileges under the laws of the State, with the acquiescence of the authorities of the State. Such being the case, can a constituent corporation, complaining of such irregularities, attack and overthrow the defacto corporation, thereby dissolving such corporation, dislodging the interest of the public and condemning the corporate rights of that corporation ? The interests of the public forbid it, and, if the irregularities complained of were ultra vires, the attempt to do so is but the usurpation of the exclusive prerogatives of the State. The corporation, the Frankfort, St. Louis and Toledo Eailroad Company, occupied no better or different attitude than that occupied by Bradford. It participated in every step essential to the creation of a de facto corporation by consolidation, and it has stood by for years permitting mortgage foreclosures as upon its property, permitting purchasers to acquire supposed titles and new corporations to form, to purchase, to consolidate with still other corporations, and large sums to be expended in extending the gauge, suffering mortgage bonds to be issued and put upon the market, all without question. Leaving out of view the rights of stockholders not present at the 21st of February meeting, and offering no *394intimation as to their rights or as to the existence of an estoppel against them, we cannot avoid, the conclusion that equity will not permit those who participated in the acts complained of to stand by, taking the chances of good or ill fortune from their acts, and then, when such acts have proven fruitless, to complain that such acts were irregular or even fraudulent and to seek relief therefrom. If equity will not so permit, the answers were good and the appellants must both fail. In Swartwout v. Michigan Air Line Railroad Co., 24 Mich. 389, Judge Cooley said of this question: “Where-there is thus a corporation de facto, with no want of legislative power to its due and legal existence; where it is proceeding in the performance of corporate functions, and the public are dealing with it on the supposition that it is what it professes to be, and the questions suggested are only whether there has been exact regularity and strict compliancewith the provisions of the law relating to incorporation; it is plainly a dictate alike of justice and of public policy, that in controversies between the defacto corporation and those who have entered into contract relations with it, as corporators or otherwise, that such questions should not be suffered to be raised. ” See also Bates v. Wilson, 14 Col. 140; Merchants’ and Planters’ Line v. Waganer, 71 Ala. 581; Goodrich v. Reynolds, 31 Ill. 490; City of St. Louis v. Shields, 62 Mo. 247; Boise City, etc., Co. v. Eben, 1 Idaho, 790. If a stockholder participate in the transactions complained of, he will be denied relief. Parsons v. Joseph, 92 Ala. 403(406); Battelle v. North Western, etc., Co., 37 Minn. 89 ; Venner v. Atchison, etc., R. Co., 28 Fed. Rep. 581; Barr v. Pittsburg, etc., Co., 51 Fed. Rep. 33; Rio Grande Cattle Co. v. Burns, Walker & Co., 82 Texas, 50; Jones v. Milton, etc., Tump. Co., 7 Ind. 547; Judah v. American Live Stock Co., 4 Ind. 333.
*395Filed May 17, 1895.
Many phases of the various questions involved in the record have been very fully and ably discussed by counsel, and while we do not follow them through each step in this contention, we think we have reached the essence of the issue and that all of the phases presented by counsel must inevitably fall within the principles which have controlled our conclusions, unless possibly it be that as to whether title to the property in question passed by and under the decree foreclosing the mortgage by the Toledo, Delphos and Burlington Eailroad Company. As to that question, if we are correct in concluding that under the consolidation the property passed beyond the reach, in this suit, of the appellants, it becomes unimportant to inquire as to the effect of the foreclosure standing alone. In our opinion the judgment of the circuit court was clearly right, and it is affirmed.
Note. — The character of directors de facto in corporations is the subject of annotation to Waterman v. Chicago & I. R. Co. (Ill.), 15 L. R. A. 418.