Bradford v. Edelstein

467 F. Supp. 1361 | S.D. Tex. | 1979

467 F. Supp. 1361 (1979)

Frank BRADFORD, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated,
v.
Ruben EDELSTEIN, Individually and in his capacity as Mayor of the City of Brownsville and ex officio member of the Public Utilities Board of the City of Brownsville, Israel Lizka, Mario Yzaguirre, Marcelo Hernandez, Kermit Cromack, and Virgil Fredieu, Individually and in their capacities as board members of the Public Utilities Board of the City of Brownsville, and Valois Pagan, general manager of the Public Utilities Board of the City of Brownsville.

Civ. A. No. B-77-272.

United States District Court, S. D. Texas, Brownsville Division.

February 5, 1979.

Texas Rural Legal Aid, Inc., Gerald A. Garcia, Brownsville, Tex., for plaintiff.

Gerald R. Zwerneman and O. B. Garcia, Brownsville, Tex., for defendants.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

GARZA, Chief Judge.

This is a civil action seeking compensatory, declaratory and injunctive relief. The lawsuit was brought under the provisions of 42 U.S.C. § 1983,^[1] and this Court's jurisdiction is based on 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3).^[2] The Complaint was filed on November 14, 1977, alleging that the Defendants had acted under color of law to deprive the Plaintiff (and the class he seeks to represent) of due process of law by terminating utility services used by the Plaintiff without advance notice and without an opportunity to contest the termination. Also submitted on November 14, 1977, was an application for a temporary restraining order and a brief in support thereof, along with motions requesting a preliminary injunction and class certification.

On that same day, this Court convened a hearing on the application for a temporary restraining order. After some preliminary arguments, counsel for the Defendants were given an hour to prepare for further discussion as to whether the Public Utilities Board (hereinafter referred to as PUB) had any type of system for giving proper notice to a customer prior to cutting off his utilities. Upon resumption of the hearing, evidence and additional arguments were presented to the Court. As a result of the hearing, the Defendants agreed to a temporary restraining order, and this Court ordered the Defendants to reconnect the Plaintiff's utilities upon Plaintiff's payment of his last bill.

On November 15, 1977, the Court signed an agreed-to Temporary Restraining Order submitted by the parties. In that Order, it was noted that the Defendants had terminated the Plaintiff's water and electricity service and had refused to reconnect the services unless the Plaintiff paid charges amounting to $102.00, even though the Plaintiff owed only $32.00 for service from October 2 to November 8, 1977. It was further noted in the Order that the services had been terminated without notice and without opportunity to be heard, and that the Plaintiff had been without those services since November 8, 1977. Finding that the Plaintiff would suffer immediate and irreparable injury before a hearing could be held on his Motion for a Preliminary Injunction, and finding that the termination of such essential services without notice and opportunity to be heard might be violative of the Plaintiff's constitutional rights, the Court ordered the Defendants to immediately reinstate Plaintiff's utilities upon his payment of the amount owed to the PUB for actual services used by the Plaintiff, and temporarily restrained the Defendants from terminating utility services to their customers without adequate notice and opportunity to be heard. Finally, it was agreed that the Temporary Restraining Order would be continued until the parties notified the Court otherwise.

On September 8, 1978, the parties filed the following Stipulations of Fact:

1) Plaintiff, Mr. Frank Bradford, is a 77 year old resident of Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. His address is 125 W. Fronton Street (rear), Brownsville, Texas.

2) Frank Bradford's account number with the PUB until November 8, 1977, was XXX-XXXXX-X; his current account number is XXXX-XXXXX-X;

3) On or about November 2, 1977, Mr. Bradford paid his utilities bill with a personal check drawn on a bank account which had been closed since April 16, 1975; the check therefore bounced. This was the only time Mr. Bradford had paid his bill with a bad check, and he had previously paid all his utility bills on time.

4) From August 30, 1977, up to and including November 8, 1977, there was in effect a PUB written policy to terminate without notice the utility services of all customers who paid their bills with a bad check. [This policy was attached to the stipulations and labeled Exhibit 1; a copy of this exhibit has been attached to this Memorandum and Order as Appendix A.]

5) As a result of the above policy, Mr. Bradford's utility services (water and electricity) were terminated, without prior notice, on November 8, 1977.

6) The electricity and water utilities were disconnected from Mr. Bradford's residence on November 8, 1977, pursuant to the authority of the PUB manager's memorandum of August 30, 1977, attached to the stipulations as Exhibit 1 [Appendix A].

7) As far as the PUB personnel knew, there was no danger of any kind which existed on or about November 8, 1977, which would have necessitated termination of utility services to Mr. Bradford without giving notice to him.

8) Utility services to Mr. Bradford were not reconnected until November 14, 1977, when this Court ordered Defendants to reconnect the services even though Mr. Bradford's check had not been cleared.

9) Until the PUB policy was changed on November 21, 1977, all customers who paid their utilities bill with a bad check had their utility services disconnected without prior notice pursuant to the memorandum of August 30, 1977, attached to the stipulations as Exhibit 1 [Appendix A].

10) Pursuant to PUB policies effective November 21, 1977, all persons who pay their utilities bill with a bad check now receive 24 hours' notice that their utility service will be disconnected for failure to comply with the notice that their check was returned by the bank. Said notice is given by placing a red tag on the customer's door by a PUB serviceman. A copy of the red tag notice was attached to the stipulations as Exhibit 2. [A copy of this exhibit is attached to this Memorandum and Order as Appendix B].

11) At the time this suit was filed, and at the present time, PUB customers receive their monthly bills by mail. A true and correct copy of the bill format sent to PUB customers was attached to the stipulations as Exhibit 3. [A copy of this exhibit is attached to this Memorandum and Order as Appendix C.]

12) A customer's utility bill is due and must be paid by the customer approximately 14 to 16 days after the bill is mailed by PUB.

13) If a customer's bill has not been paid by the due date, a reminder notice is mailed to the customer within two days. A true and correct copy of the reminder notice mailed to customers now and at the time this suit was filed was attached to the stipulations as Exhibit 4. [A copy of this exhibit is attached to this Memorandum and Order as Appendix D.]

14) If a customer has not paid his bill within five days after the due date, the PUB will issue collection-disconnect orders to its servicemen. A true and correct copy of the collection-disconnect order was attached to the stipulations as Exhibit 5. [A copy of this exhibit is attached to this Memorandum and Order as Appendix E.]

15) The PUB servicemen will disconnect utility services pursuant to a collection-disconnect order unless the customer pays the amount outstanding in his account at the time the serviceman arrives to disconnect the utilities at the customer's house.

16) The PUB is an agency of the City of Brownsville and is operated under the following authority: Texas Revised Civil Statutes arts. 1165, et seq. and art. 1446c; the Home Rule Charter of the City of Brownsville; and the Code of Ordinances, §§ 34 et seq.

17) For the six-month period beginning September, 1977, and continuing through February, 1978, the PUB received approximately 519 bad checks as payment for customers' utility bills.

18) For the three-month period beginning September, 1977, and continuing through November, 1977, the PUB received approximately 306 bad checks from its customers in payment for utility bills.

19) In the six-month period from June, 1977, through November, 1977, the PUB registered approximately 13,724 collection-disconnect notices to be acted upon. This figure represents an approximate average of 2,287 disconnect actions per month for nonpayment of customers' utility bills.

20) The notice of proposed utility disconnection presently issued by the PUB to its customers was attached to the stipulations as Exhibits 2, 3, and 4 [Appendices B, C, D and E].

21) The procedures and policies used on or about November 8, 1977, to bill customers and/or disconnect utility services are attached to the stipulations as Exhibits 6 and 7. [Copies of these exhibits are attached to this Memorandum and Order as Appendices F and G.]

22) The rules and regulations presently governing PUB's electric service collection and disconnect policy were attached to the stipulations as Exhibit 8. [A copy of this exhibit is attached to this Memorandum and Order as Appendix H.]

23) Mr. Bradford closed his checking account at National Bank of Commerce, in Brownsville, on April 16, 1975.

24) Mr. Bradford did not open another checking account in any bank in Brownsville, Texas, until February 2, 1976, at which time he opened a checking account at First National Bank.

25) Mr. Bradford had no checking account in Brownsville between April 16, 1975, when he closed his account in National Bank of Commerce, and February 2, 1976, when he opened a checking account at First National Bank at Brownsville. Between these two dates, he kept his money at home or in a bank in Lufkin, Texas.

26) Mr. Bradford drew only one check on the National Bank of Commerce account which he had closed on April 16, 1975, between such closing date and November, 1977, and such check was the one he gave PUB in payment of his utility bill.

27) Mr. Bradford drew approximately 42 checks on his checking account at First National Bank at Brownsville, between the time he opened that account on February 2, 1976, and November 8, 1977.

On September 11, 1978, the Plaintiff filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment; on September 19, 1978, the Defendants filed a Motion for Summary Judgment and an Opposition to the Plaintiff's Motion for a Partial Summary Judgment. After giving careful consideration to the motions, the briefs of counsel, the stipulations, the affidavits, the answers to interrogatories, and the applicable law, it is the opinion of this Court that the Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment should be granted, while Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment should be denied.

In ruling on a summary judgment motion, the Court's primary function is to determine whether or not a genuine issue exists over a material fact. See Cox v. Bell Helicopter International, 425 F. Supp. 99, 101 (N.D.Texas 1977). Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, then the Court must render a summary judgment if the movant is entitled to such as a matter of law. In making this determination, the Court must be mindful that: one, the movant has the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue as to any material fact; and two, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the opposing party. See Adickes v. Kress & Company, 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S. Ct. 1598, 26 L. Ed. 2d 142 (1970). These basic propositions have guided this Court in reviewing the documents on file in this case, and have been followed in reaching the conclusion that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the Plaintiff is entitled to a partial summary judgment as a matter of law.

I. DEPRIVATION OF A CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT UNDER COLOR OF LAW

In every suit brought under the provisions of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, there are two basic elements a plaintiff must show in order to succeed in his lawsuit. He must prove: one, that the defendant deprived him of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States; and two, that this deprivation occurred while the defendant was acting under color of law. See Adickes, supra, at 150, 90 S. Ct. 1598. Thus, this Court is initially faced with having to determine whether the Defendants in this case have deprived Mr. Bradford of a right secured by the Constitution of the United States and, if they have done so, whether they did so while acting under color of law.

A. THE EXISTENCE OF A CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States prohibits the states from depriving any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law. With regard to property rights, the interests protected by the Constitution are, for the most part, not contained within the document itself. Instead, they are created and defined by independent sources, including state statutes or rules which grant or secure certain benefits for the citizenry. Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 572-573, 95 S. Ct. 729, 42 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1975). A person's interest in a benefit or entitlement is a property interest protected by the requirements of due process if there are rules or explicit understandings that support the person's claim to the benefit or entitlement. See Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 601, 92 S. Ct. 2694, 33 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1972). In light of these propositions, this Court must first determine whether or not Texas has created a substantive interest in continued utility services; if it has, then the next area of inquiry is whether or not that interest rises to the level of entitlement. See Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 9, 98 S. Ct. 1554, 56 L. Ed. 2d 30 (1978).

The record in the instant case amply supports the conclusion that customer expectation of continued availability of service from the public utility managed and controlled by the Defendants does indeed exist, and that such expectation is secured by existing rules or understandings. See Limuel v. Southern Union Gas Company, 378 F. Supp. 964, 966-967 (W.D.Texas 1974). Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 1446a, § 1 declares that it is the policy of the State of Texas "that continuous service by public utilities furnishing electric energy, natural or artificial gas, or water is absolutely essential to the life, health and safety of all the people, and that the willful interruption or stoppage of such services by any person or group of persons is a public calamity which cannot be endured." It has also been declared that the exercise of a municipality's right under Texas law to own and operate an electric light system is for the benefit of the public. See West Texas Utilities Co. v. City of Spur, 38 F.2d 466, 469 (5th Cir. 1930). Indeed, dicta in one Texas case indicated that municipal governments have a duty to furnish their citizens with those public conveniences necessary for the protection and benefit of the citizens, including water and electricity. Texas-New Mexico Utilities Co. v. City of Teague, 174 S.W.2d 57, 61 (Tex.Civ.App. — Fort Worth 1943, writ ref'd w. o. m.). Moreover, as set out in Article II, Sections 12 and 13 of the Brownsville Code, the City of Brownsville has asserted the power to acquire, build, own, maintain and operate, on an exclusive basis, public utility services used by it or the public, and to sell those services to the public as may be determined by the governing authority. In addition, the governing body of the PUB does not claim the right to terminate the services PUB provides at will; rather, it specifies the reasons for which those services can be disconnected.^[3] In essence, those specified reasons amount to termination for cause.

When one considers the overall policies of the State of Texas, the City of Bronwsville and the PUB, it is clear that those policies have fostered legitimate reliance upon and expectation of continued water and electric service, absent termination thereof for reasonable and just cause. As noted in Limuel, supra, at 966, the majority of courts have had little difficulty in finding that continued utility service is a property right within the meaning of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; this Court feels no hesitancy or reluctance in joining that majority. Since this is so, the fact that Mr. Bradford's water and electric services were disconnected by employees of the PUB without any prior notice and without any opportunity to be heard supports the conclusion that Mr. Bradford was deprived of a constitutional right.^[4]

B. ACTING UNDER COLOR OF LAW

In the instant case, despite their arguments to the contrary, there can be little doubt that the Defendants acted under color of state law in promulgating, approving or putting into effect the policies which resulted in termination of Mr. Bradford's utility services without notice or opportunity to be heard. The Defendants are in effect municipal officials responsible for the operation of a city-owned utility. See Lamb v. Hamblin, 57 F.R.D. 58, 61 (D.Minn. 1972). As stipulated to by the Defendants, the PUB is an agency of the City of Brownsville, operated under the authority of state law, Brownville's Home Rule Charter and Brownsville's Code of Ordinances. Under these various authorities, the City has exclusive power to operate and maintain public utilities within the city limits. To give form to this power, the PUB was created as a city agency in charge of exercising full and complete authority with regard to the control, management and operation of the utilities system owned by the city, with the exception of setting the rates charged for the services. The rules and regulations governing the furnishing of electricity, water and sewage services to PUB's customers are promulgated or approved by the board members of the PUB. Those board members are appointed by the City Commissioners of Brownsville, with the Mayor of Brownsville included on the board as an ex officio member. The income from the utilities system goes to the operation, maintenance and repair of the system and to the payment of revenue bonds for repairing or extending the services, with all remaining income being turned over to the city for use in any legally authorized manner.

Considered as a whole, all of the above factors clearly indicate that when the Defendants herein act in their capacity as members of the board of the PUB or as managers of the system, they act under color of law. Therefore, since the termination of Mr. Bradford's utility services occurred in accordance with the written policies of the PUB, and since that termination was accomplished in a manner completely devoid of even minimally acceptable due process safeguards, this Court must conclude that Mr. Bradford was deprived of a right secured by the Constitution of the United States, and that this deprivation occurred under color of law.

II. DUE PROCESS AND THE PROCEDURES OF THE PUB

The pronouncements of the Supreme Court in the recent case of Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Craft, supra, provided clear-cut guidance to this Court, virtually compelling the conclusion that the termination of Mr. Bradford's utilities, in accordance with past PUB policy, without notice and without any opportunity to contest the termination, violated his right to due process, and the further conclusion that the PUB's present policy concerning terminations also fails to comport with the requirements of due process.

One of the basic issues in Craft was whether, in order to comply with the requirements of due process, municipal utilities must notify their customers of the availability of procedures designed to resolve contested utility charges. Craft, supra, 436 U.S. at 13, 98 S. Ct. 1554. The notice procedure involved in Craft simply stated that payment was overdue and that service would be discontinued if payment was not rendered by a certain date. The Supreme Court decided that while this notification procedure was adequate to apprise recipients of the notice that there was a threat of termination of service, it was not reasonably calculated to inform them of the availability of an opportunity to present objections to the bills. Id., at 14, 98 S. Ct. 1554. The Supreme Court went on to expressly declare that:

Notice in a case of this kind does not comport with constitutional requirements when it does not advise the customer of the availability of a procedure for protesting a proposed termination of utility service as unjustified.

Id., at 14-15, 98 S.Ct. at 1563 (emphasis added). While the factual circumstances of Craft differ from the factual circumstances of the instant case in both kind and degree, none of the differences are significant enough to prevent application of the principles established in Craft to the situation involved in the present lawsuit.^[5] Under those principles, the past disconnection procedures of the PUB, the present notice provided by the PUB prior to termination of a customer's utility service, and the procedures available to dispute any proposed disconnection of service were and are inadequate to satisfy the requirements of due process.

A. THE PUB'S PAST TERMINATION PROCEDURES

The record in the instant case shows that no dispute exists over the essential facts involved in the termination of Mr. Bradford's utility services. Mr. Bradford's electricity and water were shut off without any notice and without any opportunity to dispute disconnection of those services. This termination of service without notice and without opportunity to contest the disconnection occurred in accordance with an express, written policy of the PUB. Clearly, then, no matter what standard one would apply, Mr. Bradford was denied due process under color of law.

The Defendants assert that Mr. Bradford was not entitled to notice and a hearing before his utilities were disconnected because no dispute existed over the amount or propriety of the bill involved, and because termination of service occurred due to his failure to properly pay that undisputed bill. Acceptance of this argument would require this Court to give Craft an unreasonably narrow reading. In this Court's view, Craft establishes that utility services such as those involved herein are essential, and that the termination thereof, for whatever reason, should not be undertaken without adequate notice of and opportunity to contest the termination. While the facts in this case show that it was indeed Mr. Bradford's "fault" for writing a check on a previously closed checking account, the Defendants had no way of knowing this at the time of disconnection. A bad check is not always the fault of the drawer of the check; bank errors resulting in improper failure to clear a check are not unknown, even in this golden age of computers. Furthermore, it does not unduly stretch the meaning of the word to conclude that one can "contest" a termination of utility service not only by challenging the amount or propriety of a particular bill, but also by seeking to explain and correct an error in the payment of a completely proper and undisputed bill. Requiring notice and opportunity to be heard prior to any disconnection of such vital services does not prevent the provider of the services from applying remedial measures to recoup losses and prevent reoccurrences of the error, or, if deemed necessary after hearing the explanations offered, disconnecting the services as planned. If a customer is given adequate notice and opportunity to respond to the threat of termination, many situations could be cleared up to the satisfaction of all involved without the sudden and complete termination of such essential services. Moreover, the Defendants apparently perceived no difficulty in giving five days of grace to those who did not pay their bills on time; surely, it would not have caused the Defendants any undue difficulty or harm to give customers who had paid a bill with a bad check an equivalent opportunity to rectify their mistake before cutting off their utilities. In the instant case, the termination of services occurred before the Defendants could have even discovered the existence of any dispute or reason to contest the disconnection.

When such vital services as water and electricity are involved, the focus must be on the procedures for termination, not on the type of reason a customer may have for trying to prevent termination. The requirements of due process simply assure fundamental fairness to everyone involved; in no way do they prevent or interfere with proper and legitimate methods of collecting bills and disconnecting services for just cause. In the instant case, therefore, the important issue is not the reason for the termination of services, but the method by which it was accomplished. That method, established by and carried out in accordance with the express, written policy of the PUB, was completely lacking in elemental due process safeguards; not only was there lack of any meaningful opportunity to be timely heard, there was absolutely no notice given whatsoever. No plaintiff could present a clearer denial of due process rights than Mr. Bradford has presented to this Court.

B. THE PUB'S PRESENT TERMINATION PROCEDURES

Under current PUB policy, effective since November 21, 1977, all customers who pay a utilities bill with a bad check receive 24 hours notice that their utility services will be disconnected if they fail to clear the check within that time period. This notice is delivered by mail, telephone, or by the placement of a tag on the customer's door. (A copy of the notice given by the latter method is attached to this Memorandum and Order as Appendix B.) Also under current PUB policy, those customers who do not pay their bills by the due date noted on the bill receive through the mail a reminder notice telling them that payment is expected within five days or their services will be disconnected without further notice. This reminder notice includes two telephone numbers which customers are told to call if they wish additional information, but no notice is given of the availability of any procedure for complaining about a possibly erroneous bill. Under the principles announced by the Supreme Court in Craft, supra, it is painfully clear that the current policies of the PUB in terms of notice of and opportunity to contest terminations still do not comply with the requirements of due process.

As noted in Mullane v. Central Hanover Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S. Ct. 652, 657, 94 L. Ed. 865 (1950):

An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections. [Citations omitted.] The notice must be of such nature as reasonably to convey the required information, [citation omitted] and it must afford a reasonable time for those interested to make their appearance, [citation omitted].

Given this statement of basic due process principles, there is no doubt that the present PUB policy vis-a-vis termination of utility service for payment with a bad check is woefully inadequate in terms of those principles. It is difficult to perceive how anyone could reasonably assert that 24 hours notice is notice reasonably calculated to both apprise a customer of a pending disconnection and afford him reasonable opportunity to present objections thereto or to properly clear the check. This is especially so given the fact that two of the three methods of delivery of the notice — mail (apparently uncertified) or mere attachment to a door knob — make determination of who received the notice when virtually impossible. Furthermore, in many instances, such short notice would arrive at a time when it would be impossible to correct an error within the given period; it takes time to collect records, most banks have limited operating hours on certain days, and many people are subject to working hours or other employment-related requirements which would make rearrangement of schedules on short notice extremely difficult.

In addition to failing to provide a reasonable time for adequate response, it is also apparent that the present notice given by the PUB in termination situations is lacking in another aspect, and that this inadequacy is present in both bad check and failure-to-pay disconnection situations. The inadequacy involved is the failure to include in the notice reference to the availability of an administrative procedure designed to consider and resolve any complaints about erroneous billing or any challenge to termination of services. A public utility such as that operated by the Defendants herein must have such a procedure and must include reference to it on all termination notices.

The issue of whether due process requires a municipal utility to notify customers of the availability of a procedure designed to redress complaints should a customer wish to contest a particular charge was raised and decided in Craft. The Supreme Court concluded therein that while a notice may adequately apprise a customer of the threat of termination of services, such notice is constitutionally infirm if it fails to "advise the customer of the availability of a procedure for protesting a proposed termination of utility services as unjustified." Craft, supra, 436 U.S. at 14-15, 98 S.Ct. at 1563. Although Craft dealt with a billing controversy and not a bad check situation, the language used by the Supreme Court is broad enough to cover all termination situations, no matter what the reason might be for the proposed disconnection.

In Craft, the Supreme Court reviewed the analytical framework developed in the case of Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334-335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976), applied it to the case before it, and noted the following:

Under the balancing approach outlined in Mathews, some administrative procedure for entertaining customer complaints prior to termination is required to afford reasonable assurance against erroneous or arbitrary withholding of essential services. The customer's interest is self-evident. Utility service is a necessity of modern life; indeed, the discontinuance of water or heating for even short periods of time may threaten health and safety. And the risk of erroneous deprivation, given the necessary reliance on computers, is not insubstantial.

Craft, supra, 436 U.S. at 18, 98 S.Ct. at 1564, 1565 (footnotes omitted; emphasis added). This Court can perceive no persuasive justification for limiting the teachings of Craft to only those cases in which the proper amount of a bill is in dispute and the termination threat is based upon failure to pay the disputed bill. As this Court sees it, the thrust of Craft is to afford reasonable means for avoiding mistaken terminations; it makes no distinctive difference whether disconnection is threatened because of failure to pay a bill or the payment of a bill with a bad check. In either situation, due process requires the giving of adequate notice and opportunity to respond. For notice to be adequate in such situations, it must inform the recipient of a procedure for resolving disputes and must provide a reasonable length of time to employ that procedure. The notice presently given by the PUB in termination situations falls short of this required standard of adequacy.

Due process has been characterized as a flexible concept, calling for procedural safeguards that vary in number, scope and degree as particular circumstances warrant. See Mathews v. Eldridge, supra, 424 U.S. at 334, 96 S. Ct. 893. As the Supreme Court noted in Mathews:

More precisely, our prior decisions indicate that identification of the specific dictates of due process generally requires consideration of three distinct factors: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.

Mathews, supra, at 334-335, 96 S.Ct. at 903 (citation omitted).

In circumstances such as those involved in the instant case, the Supreme Court has, in Craft, balanced the various interests described in Mathews and determined that, as a bare minimum, due process requires prior notice of utility service terminations, and that the notice must include reference to the availability of some type of procedure for hearing and resolving complaints prior to termination. The Supreme Court's final conclusion in Craft, which conclusion must, in part, control this Court's resolution of the instant case, was stated as follows:

Because of the failure to provide notice reasonably calculated to apprise respondents of the availability of an administrative procedure to consider their complaint of erroneous billing, and the failure to afford them an opportunity to present their complaint to a designated employee empowered to review disputed bills and rectify error, petitioners deprived respondents of an interest in property without due process of law.

Craft, supra, 436 U.S. at 22, 98 S.Ct. at 1567. Therefore, in the present lawsuit, since the PUB fails to give adequate time in bad check situations between notice of proposed disconnection and actual disconnection of services, and since the notice given in all termination situations fails to apprise customers of the availability of a procedure to challenge termination and rectify errors in either billing or payment of bills, this Court must hold and declare that the current termination policies of the PUB do not comport with the requirements of due process.

One final contention of the Defendants in this area merits brief discussion. The Defendants argue that requiring notice and opportunity to be heard in cases such as Mr. Bradford's would place a tremendous burden on the PUB, due to the large numbers of bad checks received each month. However, as noted above, the Supreme Court in Craft has already evaluated and balanced the competing interests and decided that, where such vital services are involved, constitutional considerations of elemental fairness outweigh whatever the administrative costs and burdens might be in implementing minimally adequate notice and hearing procedures prior to disconnection of the services. Moreover, this Court remains unconvinced that the burdens such procedures may entail will be as tremendous and oppressive as the Defendants assert. For one thing, the PUB already gives what amounts to at least five days' notice when payments are not received on time. There would be no appreciable increase in costs or burdens to provide similar notice when a bad check is received in payment of a bill. Furthermore, the hearing procedures the PUB has to develop to comply with the requirements of due process need not be complex, elaborate or unduly expensive. Under the appropriate circumstances, providing an opportunity for informal discussion with a specifically, expressly designated employee authorized to correct a mistaken determination as to either the amount of a bill or the payment thereof could be a satisfactory due process hearing. See Craft, supra, at 16 n. 17, 98 S. Ct. 1554, citing as an example Goss v. Lopez, supra, 419 U.S. at 581-584, 95 S. Ct. 729. Finally, if it chooses, the PUB could establish a policy whereby a person who has paid with a bad check drawn as a result of negligence or a deliberate attempt to avoid timely payment may be required to pay his bill by means of cash, money order, certified check or some other similar instrument. All that the Constitution requires is fundamental fairness; where due process requirements must be adhered to, the scope and form of the required hearing can vary according to the nature and importance of the interests and proceedings involved. See Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 82, 92 S. Ct. 1983, 32 L. Ed. 2d 556 (1972). Thus, the Defendants retain a great deal of flexibility and discretion in drawing up procedures that will in fact comply with the dictates of due process.

III. THE DEFENDANTS' LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES

The Defendants in this case make the argument that they cannot be held liable for damages because they neither committed nor directed the commission of any act against the Plaintiff which caused him any injury, and because no bad faith on their part has been shown. In addition, the Defendants herein contend that the Plaintiff's utilities were disconnected because of his own wrongful conduct, and that he cannot recover for what in essence was his own wrong. This Court has considered these arguments carefully and has concluded that, for the most part, they lack appreciable merit.

With respect to actions brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, it has been clearly established that a superior who directs, orders or approves of the acts of subordinates can be held liable for those acts if they result in a deprivation of a constitutional right. See Ford v. Byrd, 544 F.2d 194, 195 (5th Cir. 1976). To incur liability under § 1983, a governmental official need not directly subject a person to a deprivation of his constitutional rights; it is enough if the official causes the plaintiff to be subjected to such deprivation. See McCollan v. Tate, 575 F.2d 509, 512 (5th Cir. 1978). Furthermore, in Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 56 L. Ed. 2d 611 (1978), the Supreme Court declared that local governing units could be directly sued under § 1983 for monetary, declaratory or injunctive relief where the allegedly unconstitutional action implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation or decision officially adopted and promulgated by the proper officials. Id., at 690, 98 S. Ct. 2018. In addition, the Supreme Court noted that its holding that local governments can be sued under § 1983 necessarily decided that local governmental officials sued in their official capacities are "persons" under § 1983 in those cases where a local government would be suable in its own name. Id., at 690 n. 55, 98 S. Ct. 2018. Thus, Monell makes it perfectly clear that local governmental officials may be sued and held responsible under § 1983 in their official capacities when execution of official policy or custom inflicts the injury involved in a plaintiff's complaint.

In the instant case, the stipulations leave no doubt that the water and electricity services of the Plaintiff were disconnected pursuant to the written policy of the PUB. As discussed above, this termination occurred without notice and without any opportunity to be heard, violating the constitutional rights of the Plaintiff. Since the deprivation of Mr. Bradford's right to due process was accomplished in accordance with PUB's written policy, and since that policy was promulgated, approved authorized or implemented by the Defendants in this case, those Defendants can be held liable to the Plaintiff for his damages.

Of course, this Court is fully cognizant of the fact that while governmental officials have been exposed to liability for damages under § 1983 in some circumstances, the Courts have consistently construed § 1983 as not intending complete revocation of all common-law immunities afforded to such officials. See, e. g., Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 87 S. Ct. 1213, 18 L. Ed. 2d 288 (1967); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 94 S. Ct. 1683, 40 L. Ed. 2d 90 (1974); Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S. 308, 95 S. Ct. 992, 43 L. Ed. 2d 214 (1975); O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563, 95 S. Ct. 2486, 45 L. Ed. 2d 396 (1975); and Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 96 S. Ct. 984, 47 L. Ed. 2d 128 (1976). As noted in Scheuer v. Rhodes, supra, 416 U.S at 247-248, 94 S.Ct. at 1692:

These considerations [involving the reasons for and the range of the discretion exercisable by certain levels of executive officials] suggest that, in varying scope, a qualified immunity is available to officers of the executive branch of government, the variation being dependent upon the scope of discretion and responsibilities of the office and all the circumstances as they reasonably appeared at the time of the action on which liability is sought to be based. It is the existence of reasonable grounds for the belief formed at the time and in light of all the circumstances, coupled with good-faith belief, that affords a basis for qualified immunity of executive officers for acts performed in the course of official conduct.

The Defendant officials involved in the present lawsuit have very serious and extensive responsibilities in their role as the governing and managing body of the PUB. Their official activities often involve the exercise of considerable discretion; they must carefully weigh many conflicting factors and interests in formulating long-term public utility policies vital to the well-being of the citizens of Brownsville. Officials and managers such as the Defendants herein should not be unfairly placed in the position of being held liable for every action that is subsequently determined to have been violative of a customer's constitutional rights, especially if what is involved is determined to be a mistake made in good faith in the course of exercising legitimate discretion within the scope of official duties. See Wood v. Strickland, supra, 420 U.S. at 319, 95 S.Ct. at 999. It is this Court's belief that the same rationale for granting qualified immunity to prison, police, school, hospital and other governmental officials is equally applicable to the Defendants in the instant case.

Coming to this conclusion does not terminate this Court's inquiry, however, for even the qualified immunity available to officials under such cases as Scheuer, Wood and the rest cannot be used as a shield against liability in every case. If the officials involved knew or reasonably should have known that their actions would violate another person's constitutional rights, or if they took action with the malicious intent to cause a deprivation of constitutional rights or other injury, then the qualified immunity defense would be unavailable to those officials. Wood v. Strickland, supra, at 322, 95 S.Ct. at 1001.

In the case of Procunier v. Navarette, 434 U.S. 555, 98 S. Ct. 855, 55 L. Ed. 2d 24 (1978), the Supreme Court noted that there are two branches to the rule announced in Wood. Under the first branch, the qualified immunity defense is not available to officials if: one, the constitutional right allegedly violated was clearly established at the time of the officials' challenged acts; two, the officials knew or should have known of the right involved; and three, the officials knew or should have known that their acts violated the constitutional rule. Id., at 562, 98 S. Ct. 855.

In the instant case, it is this Court's opinion that the Defendants herein cannot successfully invoke the qualified immunity defense, since those Defendants reasonably should have known that their actions in formulating, approving or implementing a no-notice termination procedure would violate the clearly established constitutional rights of the customers affected. To begin with, even a brief look at the case law available at the time the procedure was established strongly supports the conclusion that at the time of the events in the instant case there was a clearly established constitutional right to notice and hearing prior to the termination of utility services. See, e. g., Davis v. Weir, 497 F.2d 139, 143 (5th Cir. 1974) (due process demanded pretermination notice by city water department to actual user of water, irrespective of notice to user's landlord); Palmer v. Columbia Gas of Ohio, Inc., 479 F.2d 153 (6th Cir. 1973) (operations of gas company held to be state action, and company required to adhere to due process requirements of notice and hearing prior to termination of services); Craft v. Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division, 534 F.2d 684, 687 (6th Cir. 1976), aff'd 436 U.S. 1, 98 S. Ct. 1554, 56 L. Ed. 2d 30 (1978) (claims to continued utility service constitute property for the purposes of due process, and due process with regard to termination procedures requires notice and an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner); Koger v. Guarino, 412 F. Supp. 1375, 1386 (E.D. Penn.1976) aff'd mem. 549 F.2d 795 (3rd Cir. 1977) (once a system of water service is established by governmental officials, a user thereof has a legitimate claim of entitlement to continued service absent sufficient cause for termination consistent with the procedural protections of due process); Hattell v. Public Service Company of Colorado, 350 F. Supp. 240, 245 (D.Colo.1972) (charges that a public utility violated customers' rights to procedural due process by cutting off gas and electric service without any hearing or provision therefor involved state action within the civil rights statute and gave federal jurisdiction in the lawsuit); Bronson v. Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc., 350 F. Supp. 443, 446-447 (S.D.N.Y.1972) (once government undertakes to provide a service to its citizens, it must comply with the requirements of due process before it can terminate the service as to any individual; electric service is a vital service, and termination thereof must comply with due process, including the giving of notice and an opportunity to be heard); Lamb v. Hamblin, supra, at 64 (municipal water service must establish procedure whereby users threatened with termination are notified and afforded an opportunity to be heard before service is disconnected); Limuel v. Southern Union Gas Company, supra, at 969 (gas utility enjoined from terminating service to customers who wish to contest accuracy of bill without affording customer involved written notice and opportunity to be heard); Donnelly v. City of Eureka, Kansas, 399 F. Supp. 64, 67 (D.Kansas 1975) and Uhl v. Ness City, Kansas, 406 F. Supp. 1012, 1018 (D.Kansas 1975) (when municipality is sole source of water service, this service becomes a constitutionally protected entitlement, and the termination thereof must be accomplished in accordance with due process procedures); and finally, Dawes v. Philadelphia Gas Commission, 421 F. Supp. 806, 817 (E.D.Penn.1976) (termination of gas service is a grievous interference with a constitutionally protected property interest, requiring some sort of pretermination safeguards). Given the existence of these cases and the fact that legal advice was and is readily available to the Defendants in their official capacities, the Defendants herein clearly should have known of the right their customers had to notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to termination before they put the challenged policy into effect. In expressly establishing such a no-notice termination procedure, the Defendants, if they did not in fact know, should have known that they were violating the above constitutional rule. Therefore, under the first branch of the doctrine developed in Procunier, supra, this Court believes Defendants are precluded from invoking the qualified immunity defense.

Assuming for the moment that the above conclusion had not been made, the Defendants would still not be able to assert the qualified immunity defense established by the previously mentioned cases. Under the second branch of the rule explained in Procunier, no matter what the objective state of the law is, governmental officials may still be held liable if they have acted with malicious intent to deprive the complainant of a constitutional right or to cause him "other injury." Procunier v. Navarette, supra, 434 U.S. at 566, 98 S.Ct. at 862. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has in a recent case further explained this second prong of the official immunity defense developed in Procunier, declaring that the malicious intent prong of the official immunity defense must be read to require proof that:

an official either actually intended to do harm to the plaintiff, or took an action which, although not intended to do harm, was so likely to produce injury that the harm can be characterized as substantially certain to result. The spirit of the rule reaches nonfeasance as well as misfeasance. It does not insulate an official who, although not possessed of any actual malice or intent to harm, is so derelict in his duties that he must be treated as if he in fact desired the harmful results of his inaction. At the same time, however, the test requires that a plaintiff show that the official's action, although labeled as `reckless' or `grossly negligent,' falls on the actual intent side of terms, rather than on the side of simple negligence.

Bogard v. Cook, 586 F.2d 399, 412 (5th Cir. 1978) (emphasis added).

It is this Court's view that, under the rule announced in Procunier and explained in Bogard, the Defendants in this case have acted in such a manner as to forfeit the defense of qualified immunity. The action taken in establishing, approving or implementing a policy resulting in the termination of such vital services without notice was an action so likely to produce injury that harm was substantially likely to result from it. There can be no doubt that the policy was an intentional one, and that carrying it out would result in the sudden and complete cessation of water and electric service. The fact that no notice whatsoever was to be given under the expressed policy of the PUB indicates to this Court that the Defendants' official actions in adopting or implementing this policy was more than mere negligence; at best, the policy was deliberately reckless.

As a final note in reference to the Defendants' argument that Mr. Bradford is not entitled to recover for his own wrong, it must be pointed out that the right to due process is a right possessed by every person who faces loss or impairment of a protected interest, whether or not the person facing the loss is guilty of some intentional misconduct. See e. g., Goss v. Lopez, supra. The wrong involved in the instant case was the denial of Mr. Bradford's constitutional right to due process, not the drafting of a bad check. The circumstance that Mr. Bradford did in fact write a check on a long-closed checking account to pay a utility bill, even if accomplished with all of the deliberate and fraudulent intent Defendants assert Mr. Bradford had when he did so, does not relieve the Defendants of their liability for depriving Mr. Bradford of his due process rights. Indeed, it is highly probable that had Mr. Bradford been given notice of the proposed disconnection and the reason therefor, and been afforded reasonable opportunity to respond to the notice, the matter would have been satisfactorily resolved without termination of the essential services involved. Under the circumstances of this case and in light of the applicable law, Mr. Bradford is at least entitled to nominal damages and the opportunity to show actual damages. See Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 98 S. Ct. 1042, 55 L. Ed. 2d 252 (1978).

IV. CLASS CERTIFICATION

The Plaintiff in this lawsuit seeks to represent all persons in the City of Brownsville, Texas, who are customers of the PUB and who have had their utility services terminated or are threatened with such termination without adequate due process safeguards. After carefully reviewing all of the materials presently on file, this Court has concluded that all of the prerequisites to a class action under Rule 23(a) and (b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have been met, and that this lawsuit should be certified as a class action.

With respect to the requirements found in Rule 23(a), the pleadings in the case and the stipulations submitted by the parties make it clear that the proposed class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable and that there are questions of law or fact common to the class. According to the stipulations, the PUB receives approximately 90 bad checks a month, while disconnections based upon nonpayment of bills average approximately 2,287 per month. Although variations in the factual situations of individuals in the proposed class undoubtedly exist, the basic issues in the case focus upon the termination procedures of the PUB and the adequacy thereof vis-a-vis constitutional requirements of due process. It is also obvious that the claims of the Plaintiff are typical of those of the entire class, in that he is asserting the right to adequate notice prior to any termination of services and the right to an adequate opportunity to contest the disconnection. Finally, this Court is convinced that the representative plaintiff will fairly and adequately protect the interest of the class; nothing in the record indicates anything to the contrary, and the Defendants have not seriously challenged the adequacy of the Plaintiff as a representative of the proposed class.

Of course, to have a valid class action, the lawsuit must not only satisfy the requirements of Rule 23(a), but must in addition satisfy at least one of the prerequisites found in Rule 23(b). In the instant case, Rule 23(b)(2) is clearly applicable, in that the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, making final declaratory and injunctive relief with respect to the entire class both appropriate and necessary.^[6] The termination policies of the utility service operated by the Defendants herein apply to all of the proposed class members, and it is those policies that are at the heart of this case.

Koger v. Guarino, supra, involved contentions that the termination procedures of the Philadelphia water department violated standards of due process in failing to provide for adequate notice and opportunity to be heard. The district court in that case certified the suit as a class action pursuant to the provisions of Rule 23(a) and (b)(2), defining the class as all users of water in Philadelphia who either actually had their water service terminated or were threatened with such termination without adequate due process safeguards. Id., at 1380. In so certifying the class, the Court noted that since the defendants had displayed a similar unwillingness to act to provide adequate notice and a hearing prior to termination with respect to all users of the water service, their refusal to implement adequate due process procedures constituted an issue common to all class members, satisfying the requirements of Rule 23(b)(2). In the instant case, as in Koger, the named plaintiff was injured by and seeks to invalidate the inadequate notice and hearing policies employed by the provider of utility services. This Court can perceive no reason why class certification is any less justifiable in the present case than it was in Koger. See also Dawes v. Philadelphia Gas Commission, supra at 813; Limuel v. Southern Union Gas Company, supra, at 970; Stanford v. Gas Service Company, 346 F. Supp. 717, 722 (D. Kansas 1972); and Lamb v. Hamblin, supra, at 61.

It has been noted that the propriety of certifying a lawsuit as a class action can seldom be determined on the basis of the pleadings alone, and that an evidentiary hearing on a motion seeking certification is ordinarily required. See King v. Gulf Oil Company, 581 F.2d 1184, 1186 (5th Cir. 1978). In the instant case, however, the record contains sufficient evidentiary material to permit this Court to conclude that class certification is appropriate. In addition, a decision to certify a lawsuit as a class action is not one carved in stone; circumstances can develop justifying a reevaluation of the certification decision. See, e. g., Guerine v. J. & W. Inv., Inc., 544 F.2d 863, 864 (5th Cir. 1977). Therefore, the Defendants herein will be given an opportunity at the hearing on damages to present whatever arguments and evidence they may have on why this Court should reconsider its ruling herein on the class certification issue. However, if the Defendants do decide to seek such reconsideration, they must submit a brief outlining and supporting their arguments on that issue no later than fourteen (14) days prior to the scheduled hearing.

Based upon the above, it is hereby

ORDERED that the Plaintiff's Motion Requesting This Case To Be Maintained As A Class Action Under Rule 23 F.R.Civ.P. be GRANTED. The class to be certified consists of all customers of the Public Utilities Board of the City of Brownsville, Texas, who have had their utility services terminated or who are threatened with such termination without the protection of adequate due process procedures.

It is further ORDERED that the Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment be DENIED, and Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment be GRANTED. It is expressly found and declared that the termination without notice of the Plaintiff's water and electric services on November 8, 1977, denied him his constitutional right to due process. It is further found and declared that the PUB's regulations and policies in force and effect on November 8, 1977, insofar as they permitted termination of service without notice and without opportunity to be heard, denied Plaintiff and the class he represents their right to due process of law. Finally, it is further found and declared that the present regulations and policies of the PUB, insofar as they permit termination of utility service for payment with a bad check after only twenty-four hours' notice, and insofar as all termination notices fail to adequately apprise the customers served of a procedure whereby termination can be contested and disputes resolved, continue to violate the applicable standards of due process.

It is also ORDERED that the Defendants, their agents, employees and representatives be permanently enjoined from failing to modify the present regulations, policies and procedures of the Public Utilities Board of the City of Brownsville, Texas, in a manner which will provide adequate due process notice and hearing procedures to all members of the class certified herein. To assure that proper modifications are achieved, it is further ORDERED that the Defendants file with this Court for review and approval proposed modifications of the current termination procedures within thirty (30) days of this Memorandum and Order. The Plaintiff shall have fifteen (15) days from the date the proposed modifications are filed with this Court to submit whatever comments they may have concerning the proposals. The Defendants should carefully review the procedures mandated by the Courts in the cases of Palmer v. Columbia Gas of Ohio, Inc., supra, and Limuel v. Southern Union Gas Company, supra, before submitting the proposed policy changes ordered by this Memorandum and Order.

Finally, it is also ORDERED that a hearing on the amount of damages and attorney's fees^[7] Plaintiff is entitled to be held on the 6th day of April, 1979, at 10 o'clock A.M.

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX D

APPENDIX E

APPENDIX F

APPENDIX G

APPENDIX H

NOTES

[1] 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in essence provides that every person who, under color of any state statute, ordinance, regulation, custom or usage, subjects or causes to be subjected any person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws shall be liable to the party injured thereby.

[2] 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) gives to district courts original jurisdiction over any legally authorized civil action seeking to redress the deprivation under color of law of any right secured by the Constitution of the United States or by any act of Congress providing for equal rights.

[3] For example, as noted in Appendix H, electric service provided by the PUB may be disconnected if: a bill has not been timely paid and a deferred payment agreement has not been timely entered into; failure to comply with the terms of a deferred payment agreement; violation of the PUB's terms and conditions; failure to comply with deposit or guarantee arrangements; tampering with meters or other PUB equipment; or where a known dangerous condition exists.

[4] Other cases contain rationales which supply analogous support for this conclusion. For example, in Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 90 S. Ct. 1011, 25 L. Ed. 2d 287 (1970), the issue before the Supreme Court was whether due process concepts required that certain welfare recipients be afforded an evidentiary hearing before their benefits could be terminated. Id., at 260, 90 S. Ct. 1011. In affirming the lower court's holding that only a pre-termination hearing would satisfy constitutional due process requirements, the Supreme Court noted that for qualified recipients, welfare provides the means for obtaining fundamental necessities of life, id., at 264, 90 S. Ct. 1011, and that governmental interests in conserving fiscal and administrative resources did not outweigh the interest served by requiring hearings prior to termination of benefits. Id., at 266, 90 S. Ct. 1011.

[5] Although the factual situation in the instant case differs in many ways from that present in Craft, there are also significant points of similarity between the procedures utilized by the PUB and the Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division involved in Craft. For example, both utilities have similar billing, notice, termination and extended payment procedures. Compare Appendix H in the instant Memorandum and Order with Craft, supra, at 5-6, n. 4, 98 S. Ct. 1554.

[6] This Court's conclusion with respect to the applicability of Rule 23(b)(2) has the further effect of finding that the notice requirements contained in Rule 23(c)(2) are inapplicable in the instant case. See Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 177 n. 14, 94 S. Ct. 2140, 40 L. Ed. 2d 732 (1974); see also Wetzel v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 508 F.2d 239, 253 (3rd Cir. 1975), cert. den. 421 U.S. 1011, 95 S. Ct. 2415, 44 L. Ed. 2d 679 (1975).

[7] The granting of Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment has the incidental result of making the Plaintiff a prevailing party to the extent of that Judgment. Ordinarily, a prevailing party in a § 1983 case should recover an award of attorney's fees, unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust. See Morrow v. Dillard, 580 F.2d 1284, 1300 (5th Cir. 1978). Some showing must nevertheless be made of Plaintiff's entitlement to such fees and the reasonableness thereof. The factors that need to be considered by this Court on the issue of attorney's fees include the following: one, the time and labor required; two, the skill requisite to properly perform the legal services rendered; three, the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case; four, the novelty and the difficulty of the case; five, the customary fee; six, whether the fee is fixed or contingent; seven, the time limitation imposed by the client; eight, the results obtained; nine, the experience, reputation and ability of the attorney; ten, the undesirability of the case; eleven, the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and twelve, awards in similar cases. See Rainey v. Jackson State College, 551 F.2d 672, 676 (5th Cir. 1977). Therefore, at the hearing ordered by this Memorandum and Order, the Plaintiff must be prepared to submit evidence on each of the above factors, and the Defendants may present any evidence they have on any special circumstances which would make an award of attorney's fees unjustified. In addition, both parties should submit briefs on the issues of damages and attorney's fees, setting forth their position with respect thereto, no later than fourteen (14) days prior to the scheduled hearing.

Case Details

Case Name: Bradford v. Edelstein

Court Name: District Court, S.D. Texas

Date Published: Feb 5, 1979

Citation: 467 F. Supp. 1361

Docket Number: Civ. A. B-77-272

Court Abbreviation: S.D. Tex.