Boyington v. Sweeney

77 Wis. 55 | Wis. | 1890

Tatloe, J.

The contention made by tbe learned counsel for tbe plaintiffs is that, as tbe written contract between tbe parties does not state who shall furnish tbe cars upon which tbe logs were to be loaded at tbe switch, it was improper to admit parol evidence for tbe purpose of showing that tbe plaintiffs were to furnish them.' This objection was not much relied upon by tbe learned counsel on tbe argument in this court, and it is evident to us that, in tbe absence of any evidence on tbe subject except tbe contract itself, the learned judge was right in instructing tbe jury that it was tbe duty of tbe plaintiffs to furnish the cars. Tbe duty of tbe defendant in regard to tbe delivery of tbe logs under tbe contract ended when they were placed on tbe cars. By tbe terms of tbe contract, tbe plaintiffs were to receive them on tbe cars, and then tbe absolute title passed to tbem. Tbe defendant was in no way bound to pay for tbe use of tbe cars on which they were to be loaded, or to pay for their transportation after they were placed on tbe cars. Tbe plain inference to be derived from tbe contract is that tbe plaintiffs were to furnish tbe cars to receive and transport tbe logs to their destination. Tbe admission of parol evidence showing that such was tbe interpretation of tbe contract by tbe parties did not, therefore, prejudice tbe plaintiffs. Had the contract been so uncertain and ambiguous on this point as to have left tbe matter in doubt as to whose duty it was to furnish the cars, it would probably have been competent to show what the understanding of the parties was by parol evidence.

But the more important question raised by the learned counsel for the plaintiffs arises upon the other provision in the contract in regard to the delivery of the logs. The contract, after having described the 'logs which were to be cut and delivered by the defendant to the plaintiffs, and fixed the price therefor, provides as follows: “ Said party of the first part [Sweeney, the defendant] agrees to log at least 1,500,000 feet of said logs in the summer of 1886, and the balance during the spring of 1887, and furthermore agrees to load all logs on cars at Sweeney’s side track of Wisconsin Central Railroad Company, as ordered, by said pa/rty of the second pcurt [the plaintiffs in this action], and to furnish enough crews to load forty cars and more if practicable per day, the logs to be scaled by a competent scaler to be agreed upon by both parties, and further agree that the title to said logs shall vest in the said second named party as fast as loaded on cars.” It is insisted by the learned counsel for the plaintiffs that under this contract the plaintiffs were not under any obligation to require the defendant to load these logs on the cars at Sweeney’s landing within any definite or fixed time, and that it was wholly in their discretion when they should be loaded, and that until they ordered them loaded the title to the logs remained in the defendant, and he took all the risks incident to their ownership. On the part of the learned counsel for the defendant, it is contended that, as no time was fixed within which the plaintiffs were bound to require the logs to be loaded, and to furnish cars for that purpose, the law is that the defendant had the right to insist that the cars should be furnished upon which he might load the logs within a reasonable time after he had hauled them' to the place of loading, and that the plaintiffs had no right to compel him to take tbe risk of tbe destruction of tbe logs by fire or otherwise for an indefinite length of time after be bad hauled them to tbe place for loading and was ready and willing to load tbe same.

Tbe learned circuit judge on tbe trial adopted tbe view taken by tbe defendant, and held that under tbe contract tbe plaintiffs were bound to furnish at-Sweeney’s side track cars upon which tbe defendant might load such logs, within a reasonable time after they bad notice that tbe logs were at tbe track ready to be loaded by tbe defendant. Tbe evidence shows quite satisfactorily that tbe logs were all hauled to tbe side track by tbe defendant as early as tbe 15th of March, 1887, and that be was then ready and willing to load tbe same. It also shows that between that date and tbe 10th of May next thereafter tbe defendant on several occasions notified tbe plaintiffs that tbe logs were ready for loading, and requested them to furnish tbe cars for that purpose. It also appears in tbe evidence that during this time said logs were in danger of destruction by fire on account of tbe dryness of tbe weather, and of fires burning in 'their vicinity, and that tbe plaintiffs’ attention was called to this fact by tbe defendant. It also appears that on or about tbe 20th of May, 1887, and before tbe plaintiffs bad furnished any cars on which to load said logs, a large number of them were destroyed by fire without tbe fault of tbe defendant. Tbe only real controversy on tbe trial of this action was as to who should bear tbe loss of tbe logs so destroyed. Tbe plaintiffs insist tbe loss must fall upon tbe defendant, and tbe defendant insists that tbe loss must fall upon tbe plaintiffs.

Tbe question as to whether tbe plaintiffs bad a reasonable time to furnish tbe cars after notice of tbe readiness and willingness of tbe defendant to load tbe same, and before tbe logs were burned, was submitted to tbe jury, upon all tbe evidence, by tbe following instructions, viz.:

“ There is no time expressed in tbe contract when tbe cars should, be furnished to transport the logs upon which the defendant was to load them at Sweeney’s side track. There being no time fixed in the contract between the parties, the law implies that they should have a reasonable time to furnish them in. And this you will find from the evidence, and take into consideration, in establishing that fact in your minds, all of the facts that have been proven here in regard to this point, remembering that all facts and circumstances that have been made to appear here in the trial of this action are proper for you to consider. Take into consideration the circumstances surrounding the plaintiffs as well as the defendant, and from all this evidence get at the understanding of the parties, as near as possible, from this written contract and from these facts and circumstances that have been established here on the trial of this action. It has been said that ‘ it is a reasonable time which preserves to each party the rights and advantages he possesses, and protects each party from losses he ought not to suffer.’ In other words, you should find whether the plaintiffs delayed longer than a reasonable time in receiving these logs,' taking into consideration the evidence showing the condition of the pond as to logs being on hand, the opportunities that the defendant had of knowing those facts, and establish in your mind whether or not the plaintiffs were ready to receive them within a reasonable time, according to the understanding of the parties in this action. The plaintiffs claim that they did not receive all the logs logged under the contract, and it seems to be undisputed that the reason was on account of the destruction and injury of a large portion of these logs, which occurred on the 19th or 20th of May, by fire. And this will be one of the leading-questions for you to establish,— on whom the loss of those logs shall fall.”

Exceptions were taken to portions of these instructions. Upon consideration of the whole contract, it seems to us that these instructions were correct. It would be unjust to the defendant to require him to get out and haul the logs to the place mentioned for loading them on the cars within a specified time, as this contract does, and then require him to keep them there at his risk, for an indefinite period, at’the pleasure or caprice of the plaintiffs. The contract must receive a reasonable construction, and such construction as was within the intention of the parties when they made it. It is evident that the defendant would be subject to greatly increased expense in performing the contract on his part if the time for loading them on the cars was to be wholly in the control of the plaintiffs, in addition to the increased risks from fire and otherwise by any unreasonable delay on the part of the plaintiffs in providing the cars for loading; and the contract ought not to receive such construction unless it be plainly so written. The delay in this case after the defendant had the logs ready for delivery on the cars, before their destruction by fire, was over two months; and it was clearly a proper case for the jury to determine, upon the whole evidence in the case, whether the delay was a reasonable one. In this case, upon the evidence, the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the delay was a mixed question of law and fact, and was for the jury. We think the law is well settled that, where there is no time fixed for the doing of an act which a contracting party agrees to do, he must do such act within a reasonable time; and what will in the particular case be a reasonable time depends upon the nature of the act to be done, the nature of the contract, and all the circumstances relating to the same. See Waterman v. Dutton, 6 Wis. 265; Nudd v. Wells, 11 Wis. 407; Benj. Sales, p. 891, § 1023, and p. 914, § 1048; Stange v. Wilson, 17 Mich. 342, 348; Coon v. Spaulding, 47 Mich. 162; Cullum v. Wagstaff, 48 Pa. St. 300; Tufts v. McClure, 40 Iowa, 317; Cameron v. Wells, 30 Vt. 633; Bass v. White, 65 N. Y. 565; Myers v. DeMier, 52 N. Y. 647; Sanborn v. Benedict, 78 Ill. 309; Sweet v. Harding, 19 Vt. 587; Pinney v. F. D., St. P. & P. R. Co. 19 Minn. 251. There was no error, we think, in these instructions.

Upon the effect of the neglect or refusal of the plaintiffs to furnish the cars within a reasonable time after the logs were delivered at the side track, the court instructed the jury as follows:

“ If you find from the evidence in this action that the defendant, at the commencement of spring, had so far completed his contract and performed all conditions thereof on his part, so that all that remained to be done by him was to load the logs on cars, and that he so notified plaintiffs and requested cars to be got for that purpose after he was so ready and before the property was burned, and you also find from the evidence that a sufficient time had intervened before the fire for the plaintiffs to have complied with the request of the defendant, and that a reasonable time had passed from the commencement of the spring and after such demand, in view of all the circumstances of the case, for the plaintiffs to have furnished the cars and for defendant to have loaded the logs thereon before they were destroyed or injured, and there was no agreement that the defendant should load only as requested by plaintiffs, without regard to reasonable time, and the plaintiffs refused to furnish cars or receive said logs during the spring, — ■ in such case the loss or injury occasioned by the fire, if such loss was occasioned without the fault or neglect of defendant, would then be borne by the plaintiffs, and the plaintiffs became and are liable to defendant for the purchase price of the logs as stated in the contract after such quantity is determined by the scale of the scaler agreed upon, as verified by the district scaler.”

This instruction was also excepted to by the plaintiffs, and is alleged to be erroneous for two reasons: first, it is alleged that if the refusal of the plaintiffs to receive the logs, or furnish cars on -which to load them, within a reasonable 'time, would render them liable to the defendant for their destruction by fire after such refusal, the defendant could not avail himself of such liability in this action, because it is claimed that the defendant’s counterclaim is for logs sold and delivered to the plaintiffs under the contract, and not to recover for damages for the refusal of the plaintiffs to receive and accept the logs under the contract. We are inclined to hold that this objection should not prevail. The answer sets out all -the facts, and, if the facts stated would entitle Rim to recover as damages the value of the logs destroyed by fire, because the plaintiffs had unreasonably refused to receive the same or furnish cars on which the defendant could load them according to the contract, the defendant should not be turned over to another action because he claims, in his pleading 'in this case, that the title to the logs, by reason of such neglect and refusal, vested in the plaintiffs. The counterclaim is so pleaded that the defendant is entitled to recover upon either theory of the case; that is, upon the ground that the delay of the plaintiffs in receiving the logs renders them liable for the damage the defendant suffered by their destruction, or upon the ground that, by reason of the defendant’s offer to deliver the logs on the cars, and the refusal of the plaintiffs to furnish the cars within a reasonable time so that defendant could make the delivery, the defendant was relieved from making a further delivery of the logs destroyed, and could recover as for logs sold and delivered under the contract.

We think, upon principle and authority, if the defendant was ready and willing to load the logs on the cars, as required by the contract, within a reasonable time after they were delivered at the Sweeney side track, and so notified the plaintiffs, and offered to load them, and they refused and neg-looted to furnish the oars for an unreasonable length of time, so that the defendant was prevented from delivering them, and thereafter the logs were destroyed by fire, such offer to load the logs on the o'ars, and such refusal of the plaintiffs to furnish cars within a reasonable time, released the defendant from making any further delivery of them to the plaintiffs on their contract, and he could recover their value as delivered under the contract, less the cost of loading them on the cars; or the defendant might maintain an action against the plaintiffs for a breach of the contract on their part, and in such action recover as damages the contract value of the logs so destroyed, less the cost of loading the same. See Donley v. Williams, 16 Wis. 581; Ketchum v. Zeilsdorff, 26 Wis. 514; Risley v. Smith, 64 N. Y. 576; Blood v. Enos, 12 Vt. 625; Devlin v. S. A. R. Co. 44 Barb. 81; Bish. Cont. §§ 1424, 1431; Dodge v. Rogers, 9 Minn. 223; Camp v. Barker, 21 Vt. 469; Williams v. Bank, 2 Pet. 96, 102; Stewart v. Keteltas, 36 N. Y. 388; Benj. Sales, p. 980, § 1125, note 6; Bement v. Smith, 15 Wend. 493; Pollen v. Le Roy, 30 N. Y. 549, 556; Hunter v. Wetsell, 84 N. Y. 555; Bagley v. Findlay, 82 Ill. 524; Bell v. Offutt, 10 Bush, 632, 639; Ballentine v. Robinson, 46 Pa. St. 177; Gordon v. Norris, 49 N. H. 376, 383; Shawhan v. Van Nest, 25 Ohio St. 490; McLean v. Richardson, 127 Mass. 339, 345; Armstrong v. Turner, 49 Md. 589, 599; Barton v. McKelway, 22 N. J. Law, 165; Hughes v. U. S. 4 Ct. Cl. 64; Nichols v. Morse, 100 Mass. 523.

These authorities clearly show that in this country the courts hold that, in an action upon an executory contract for the sale and delivery of personal property, the vendor may recover the value of the goods contracted for, if he tenders a delivery thereof in accordance with the terms of the contract, and an actual delivery is prevented by the refusal of the vendee to accept or receive the same at the time, and place agreed upon. This is especially true in cases where the property to be delivered is to be produced by the labor of the vendor after the contract is made. See Meincke v. Falk, 55 Wis. 427. Upon the evidence in this case and the instructions of the court, the jury may have found that the defendant tendered a delivery of the logs on the cars as provided by the contract, within a reasonable time, and that the plaintiffs refused to accept such delivery, and refused to accept any delivery thereof within a reasonable time after they were placed at the side track by the defendant. Ganson v. Madigan, 13 Wis. 67, 72; Crawford v. Earl, 38 Wis. 312, 317; Chapman v. Ingram, 30 Wis. 294, 295. In the case at bar the logs were hauled by the defendant to the place where, by the terms of the contract,, he was to haul them; and, after having tendered a delivery of them on the cars as required by the contract, the logs were left in the same place subject to the control of the plaintiffs. The facts proved bring the defendant within the rule above stated, which justifies a recovery for the value of the logs as though actually delivered. The only very important question in the case was whether the plaintiffs were bound to furnish cars on which to load the logs within a reasonable time after the 15th of March, when defendant had them on the ground ready for loading. That question having been decided in favor of the claim made by the defendant, settles the question as to the justice of the verdict in favor of the defendant. In this view of the case, all the exceptions of the plaintiffs to the evidence offered on the trial which tended to establish the defense to the action as to the defendant’s counterclaim were properly overruled.

But the defendant also set up, both as a defense to the action and by way of counterclaim, a settlement and agreement between the parties, made before the fire occurred, by which the plaintiffs released the defendant from loading the logs on the cars as he had agreed, and by which the plaintiffs agreed to load them themselves, for a consideration to be paid them by the defendant, of thirty-five cents per M., and by which settlement and agreement the plaintiffs released the defendant from loading said logs as he had agreed to do under the contract. • The evidence on this question of settlement was conflicting and somewhat contradictory. The question was submitted to the jury by the learned circuit judge with the following instructions, viz. :

“ It was competent for the parties, after the making of the original contract, to modify or change the condition thereof by subsequent agreement; and such agreement, if made, need not have been in writing in order to effect the modification or change of said contract, provided said new agreement was based upon a valuable consideration; and the burden in that particular is upon the defendant to show that the written contract was modified, and especially as to the plaintiffs’ loading logs and relieving the defendant from loading the same. If, therefore, you find from all the evidence in the case that subsequent to the making of the contract, and before the logs were burned, the plaintiffs agreed to reheve the defendant from that condition- of the contract as to loading the same, and agreed to do the loading themselves, and the contract was otherwise performed by the defendant at such time, then there was such a complete acceptance of the logs by plaintiffs as would make the loss and injury occasioned by the fire to be borne by them. But the mere fact of the plaintiffs’ agreeing to load these logs in controversy, without they agreed to take them' at the side track, does not of itself make the plaintiffs liable for their loss; for, by the terms of the written contract admitted in evidence in this case, the title to the logs in dispute did not pass to plaintiffs until they were loaded- on the cars. It was, however, competent for the parties to change the provision in this contract as I have stated.”

These instructions are certainly sufficiently favorable to the plaintiffs, and there is no fair ground of complaint on their part. This settlement and agreement was set forth in. the answer and counterclaim, and was supported by the positive testimony of the defendant, and his testimony was corroborated to some extent by other evidence in the case. It is true it was denied by one of the plaintiffs and by another witness who claims to have been present at the time the defendant claims such settlement and agreement was made, but the question of the credibility of the witnesses was for the jury, and they may have believed the testimony of the defendant instead of that of the plaintiffs. As there was no special verdict, the jury may have found for the defendant upon this part of his defense and counterclaim.

~We see no error in permitting the defendant to show how much and in what manner he had been paid by the plaintiffs upon the contract, nor do we think the court erred in his statement to the jury as to what credit they might give to the testimony of a witness, some of whose statements they believe are false. The sentence excepted to may not, standing alone, be entirely a proper one to make to the jury; but, as qualified by what was said immediately before and after the sentence excepted to, the jury could not have been misled as to this matter to the prejudice of the plaintiffs.¹

By the Cow/rt.— The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.