Boyd v. Portland Electric Co.

62 P. 378 | Or. | 1900

Mr. Chief Justice Bean,

after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.

1. During the trial, one Leonard C. Jones testified in behalf of defendant, and was cross-examined by plaintiff’s attorney. Thereafter, and before the close of the trial, plaintiff applied to the court for leave to recall the witness for further cross-examination. An objection was made, during the consideration of which counsel stated that he desired to recross-examine the witness in reference to his connection with an accident insurance company and its relation to the defendant. The court denied the application, and refused to permit the witness to be recalled. The record further shows that, during the closing argument of counsel for the plaintiff, he was interrupted by the defendant’s counsel, who said : “What is that? I understand counsel to say that Jones was representing an insurance company that indemnified this company. If he said that, he deserves to be reprimanded for it. There is not a word of testimony here on that subject. He has no right to make such a statement in the presence of the jury. He had not concluded his statement, but made an allusion to the subject before I caught him up on it. He did say that he (Jones) belonged to an insurance company that indemnified this company.” The court thereupon instructed the jury to disregard matters not in evidence. The record does not contain the statements of counsel to which objection was made, and their purport can only be inferred from the objection itself. It is insisted, however, that his conduct, as disclosed by the record, is reversible error. It has been repeatedly held by this court that error must be predicated upon some decision of the trial court, and therefore, as a general rule, an objection to statements made by counsel during the argument presents no ground for review in the appellate court unless the trial court was requested to rule thereon, and did so adversely to the complaining party. The question arose in State v. Anderson, 10 Or. 448, where it is said that “improper comments of counsel, either in a civil or criminal case, will not of themselves justify a reversal of judgment, under our osystem. They must be connected upon the record with, error of the court, to produce such a result; and, as no such error is shown here, the alleged exception cannot be sustained.” Again, in State v. Abrams, 11 Or. 169 (8 Pac. 327), it is said : “We have announced this principle before, * * * and we now lay it down, as a rule to which there can be no exceptions, that no objection to proceedings in the court below can be heard in .this court which is not based on alleged error in judicial action on the part of the lower court.” See, also, State v. Hatcher, 29 Or. 309 (44 Pac. 584). In the case at bar, the remarks of counsel did not receive the sanction or approval of the trial court, but, on the contrary, it declined to permit him to proceed, and, in effect, instructed the jury to disregard any statements made in reference to facts not in evidence, and therefore, within the doctrine of the cases cited, the matter presents no question for review on appeal. It may be true that the conduct of an attorney in going out of the record, and stating facts to the jury not in evidence, may be so reprehensible and so manifestly intended to mislead the jury as to be ground for reversal, even if the trial court should direct the jury to disregard what he said on the subject: Smith v. Western Union Tel. Co. 55 Mo. App. 626; Waldron v. Waldron, 156 U. S. 361 (15 Sup. Ct. 383), 39 L. Ed. 453 ; McHenry Coal Co. v. Sneddon, 98 Ky. 684 (34 S. W. 228). But this case presents no such features. There is nothing to indicate that the conduct of counsel was in any way improper or intended to unduly influence the jury. As already said, his language is not contained in the record; but, whatever it may have been, it no doubt was uttered in the heat of argument and without any intentional wrong on his part. In such case, it is not only the right, but the duty, of the trial court, when called upon, to correct the error into which counsel has fallen, and when it does so, as a general rule, the cause of reversal is thereby removed.

2. The principal question on the trial was whether the defendant was negligent in not removing the broken wire. Plaintiff insisted that it was negligence to allow the wire to remain thirteen hours after it fell before taking care of it, while defendant contended that it exercised the utmost diligence in repairing the damages to its system caused by the storm, but was unable to reach the wire in question prior to the accident. The court, after stating to the jury the respective positions of the parties, and that whether the defendant had exercised reasonable care and diligence in the -matter was a question of fact for their determination, further instructed them as follows: “The suggestion is made that they (defendant company) had not sufficient force to carry on this work, to raise all these fallen wires, as early, perhaps, as they ought to have done ; but companies of this sort, dealing with one of the most subtle and powerful agencies known to man, cannot plead want of assistance and amount of expense as an excuse for any dilatoriness, whatever. The law requires reasonable care, and reasonable care must be determined by all the circumstances attending the transaction — what took place at the time, what took place before.” And, again: “ Reasonable care in such matters means the utmost care and skill which a man is capable of exercising, considering the immediate circumstances in hand. So it must be, then, that if there was not sufficient force in order to prevent dangers that might arise from fallen wires, if you find from the testimony in the case that the defendant was negligent or dilatory in raising the wires that had fallen, that considerable time elapsed after it was broad daylight the next morning before the agents, servants of the company, made their appearance to repair the wires, you will consider that question in connection with the question of damages and upon the issue of negligence.” It is insisted, and we think properly, that this instruction imposed a higher degree of duty, as a matter of law, upon the defendant company than is exacted of it.

An electric light company that has erected its poles and wires in the streets of a municipality, with the consent of the proper authorities, is not an absolute insurer against accident therefrom. It is only bound to exercise care and diligence in the erection and maintenance of its system proportionate to the danger : Croswell, Electricity, § 236; Keasbey, Electric Wires (2 ed.), § 236, et seq.; Denver Consol. Elec. Co. v. Simpson, 21 Colo. 371 (31 L. R. A. 566, with note; 41 Pac..499)—and when it has fulfilled this duty it has discharged its entire obligation, and its liability ceases. The question of whether or not it has exercised reasonable care is for the jury to decide upon the facts of each particular case, except when reasonable minds could not possibly differ in their conclusions upon the facts. The amount of care necessary, of course, varies with the danger which is incurred by negligence ; and, in determining the question, it is proper for the jury to take into consideration the location of the lines, whether in a thickly or sparsely settled portion of the municipality, the use to which they are to be put, the harmless or dangerous nature of the current to be transmitted over them, their remoteness or proximity to travelers on the highway, and any other circumstances affecting the case. But where, as the evidence here tends to show, the wires of a company supplying a city of the size and area of Portland have been prostrated in numerous places at the same time by reason of an unusual and unexpected storm, it is imposing upon the company a duty not required by any of the decisions to say that it cannot show, as an excuse for a delay in taking care of a particular wire in a suburban part of tbe city, the want of assistance sufficient to immediately repair all the damages caused by the storm. Whether the defendant company had in its employ a large enough force of men to meet the emergency, and whether its want of assistance was an adequate excuse for its delay in not sooner taking care of the wire which caused plaintiff’s injury, were proper matters for the consideration of the jury in determining the question whether it had exercised reasonable care and diligence ; but it was not the province of the court to say, as a matter of law, that want of assistance was no excuse for the delay. That question belonged to the jury, not to the court. It follows that the judgment must be reversed, and a new trial ordered.

Reversed.