406 Pa. 455 | Pa. | 1962
Opinion by
On the morning of March 20, 1958, at about 5:45, Rodney M. Bowman, 58 years of age, got into his two-door Chevrolet automobile at his home in Florin, Lancaster County, to drive to Pomeroy in Chester County (about nine miles west of Coatesville) where he was employed as a maintenance of way man by the Pennsylvania Railroad. A light snow was falling and it had already carpeted the ground around his home to a depth of five inches. He followed Route 230, passed through Mount Joy, and was at a point some 300 feet west of Twin-Kiss when an accident befell him, the mishap being the subject of the lawsuit here under consideration.
The highway was lined at suitable intervals with telephone poles, their crests rising to a height of 40 feet above the whitened terrain. At the point indicated, Bowman was startled by a sound which he thought was a clap of thunder. The next sensation of which he was aware was that the roof of his car had disappeared, together with his hat and eyeglasses. He related that he got out of the car “got up on the hood and slid down, on the snow.”
He brought suit against the Columbia Telephone Company, owners and maintainers of the poles and, in the ensuing trial, the jury awarded him a total verdict of $10,830 for his personal and property damage.
The defendant moved for judgment n.o.v., which motion was refused. This appeal followed.
It is the contention of the telephone company that it is absolved from any blame for Rodman’s misfortune because Rodman came to grief as the result of what the defendant calls an “Act of God.” In its answer to the plaintiff’s complaint, it averred under the heading of new matter: “The breaking and falling of the telephone pole referred to in the complaint did not arise from any negligence on the part of the defendant, its servants, agents, or employees, but resulted from an act of God. Said act of God consisted of a snowfall of unprecedented or almost unprecedented depth and weight, which began on March 19, 1958 and continued on March 20, 1958. At 6:15 a.m. on March 20, 1958, the time at which the pole is alleged to have fallen, more than twelve inches of wet and heavy snow had fallen and approximately twelve inches of Snow were on the ground.”
The plaintiff replied to this new matter denying “that an act of God consisting of a snowfall, or any other act of God, resulted in the falling and breaking of the telephone pole,” and asserted on the contrary, that the pole broke and fell as the result of the defendant’s negligence, the negligence consisting of- failure to
It certainly cannot be asserted that it was the hand of God which pushed over pole No. 16 to break Bowman’s back. Snow fell, as it falls every winter in the temperate zone, and provident people anticipate this type of atmospheric precipitation by taking necessary precautions against its inflicting excessive damage. Sometimes all the ingenuity and industry of man cannot avail against the turmoil and turbulence of the elements, but it is not enough to escape responsibility for the owner of an instrumentality which inflicts damage to assert that the instrumentality was propelled by the Supreme Being and that, therefore, he can shake the clinging snow of responsibility from off his hands.
In the case of Kimble v. Mackintosh Hemphill Co., 359 Pa. 461, the plaintiff’s decedent was killed when the roof of the defendant’s foundry fell on him. The defendant disclaimed liability alleging that the roof was caused to fall because of a high wind of such velocity that it could be termed an act of God. This Court, in affirming the verdict awarded the plaintiff, approved the charge of the trial court which stated, inter alia: “. . . if the wind on this day was of such severity that it could not be reasonably anticipated by the Defendant, and that by reason of that wind, a part of the roof was blown off, then the Défendant would not. be liable. However, if the storm were not of that severity, if it were only such a storm as occasionally .happens, but is reasonably to be anticipated on occasions of every year or two, then that would not be an act of Providence . ... if they were such as were reasonably to be expected to occur occasionally, then such storms should be guarded against.”
The plaintiff produced evidence to the effect that the depth of the snow at the point of the accident was five inches, not 12 inches as alleged in the defendant’s reply. Is five inches of snow in Pennsylvania so phenomenal as to throw all normal activities and responsibilities into confusion and chaos?
The defendant argues that the plaintiff did not produce any evidence of “any standard of safety which the defendant had violated.” That standard is seKspeaking. The basic laws of our Commonwealth proclaim that no one may use his property to inflict avoidable harm upon others, especially when that property fronts, abuts or skirts public highways. In James v. United Telephone Co., 195 Pa. Superior Ct. 512, 516, the Superior Court said: “. . . the care to be exercised by a utility company in the construction and maintenance of its lines and apparatus must be . . . reasonably apprehended from the location and nature thereof, and the greater the danger the greater must be the cax*e.”
Every material thing in the world deteriorates with age, and wood more quickly than metal. Pole No. 16
Pole No. 16 was planted in 1943 (no month specified) so that it was in its fifteenth year of service when it fell in the line of duty. It was for the jury to say whether a delay of fifteen years before inspection was reasonable and it was also a matter for the jury to decide, even if it accepted the 15-year period as reasonable, whether this meant that regardless of conditions, the company could properly wait until 15 years had completely expired before examining the pole.
A jury could conclude that under certain circumstances a pole could reach climacteric in 14 years, or even 13 years or less. Assuming that a normal pole would have 15 years of good health, this would not necessarily mean that it would be full-bodied, virile, healthy until its 15th birthday and then suddenly collapse, like Holmes’ “wonderful one-hoss shay.” This fifteen year period was not to be regarded as a time bomb which would destroy the pole just as the last grain of sand passed into the lower half of the 15-year hourglass. The pole was not equipped with a time-clock mechanism which would tick out its longevity.
According to the testimony of several witnesses called by the plaintiff, the defendant company would have found, had it conducted an inspection prior to March 20, 1958, that Pole No. 16 was indeed sick if not actually moribund. One witness testified that the wood at the point of severance was “crumbly.” Another found the pole “brittle in the center,” a third witness testified that the wood was “crystallized,” that is, it
Photographs of the broken poles, particularly No. 16, were introduced in evidence and the camera confirmed what the witnesses had revealed with words. They showed the interior of the poles indeed not to be of that sturdy stuff which one would have reason to expect in a structure designed to withstand weight, weather and wear.
In support of its position of non-liability, the defendant quotes from the case of Miller v. Hickey, 368 Pa. 317, as follows: “An owner or possessor of land is not an insurer; he is not charged with the absolute duty Of having his premises in a safe condition but on the contrary, owes to a business visitor or invitee only the duty of reasonable care for his protection and safety, viz: to keep the premises in a reasonably safe condition and if there be any defects known or discoverable by the exercise of reasonable care and diligence, to warn the business invitee- of these defects or dangers; but for a latent defect of which an owner or possessor is ignorant and which could not be discovered in the exercise of reasonable care and diligence he is not liable.” (Emphasis supplied)
It will be noted from this very quotation that the owner of land owes to an invitee on his land the duty to keep the premises free of defects known or “discoverable by the exercise of reasonable care ” Could the defects in Pole No. 16 have been discovered by the exercise of reasonable care? We can assume from the verdict of the jury that it answered for itself that question with an affirmative. The defendant argues, however, that the evidence presented by the plaintiff showed that thé “pole was rotted only on the inside.” (Emphasis supplied). ' An overripe egg is rotten only on the inside but that fact does not make it sound, nor does
In instructing the jury on the defendant’s contention that it was not responsible for Bowman’s injuries because they resulted from an act of God, the trial court said: “. . . taking into consideration everything disclosed by the evidence as to the nature of the climate, frequency or rarity of manifestations of nature such as involved here, in the snowstorm, and all other pertinent testimony, it is for you to say whether the snowstorm in question was so unusually severe or otherwise extraordinary as to warrant its characterization as an act of God.”
This language was warranted under decisions of this Court as well as Courts in other jurisdictions. It may be in order, however, to suggest that trial judges not place upon juries the awesome and overwhelming duty of deciding whether any particular act was caused by God or by man. In Kimble v. Mackintosh Hemphill Co., supra, the statement was made: “Whether or not the fatal injury to plaintiff’s decedent was due to an act of God or to defendant’s negligence was á question of fact for the jury.”
Man in his finite mind cannot pass upon the wisdom of the Infinite. There is something shocking in attributing any tragedy or holocaust to God. The ways of the Deity so surpass the understanding of man that it is not the province of man to pass judgment upon what may be beyond human comprehension. There are many manifestations of nature which science has not yet been able to analyze, much less cope with. In any event no person called into court to answer for a tort may find exoneration from the act of negligence charged to him by asserting that it was not he but the
Whether the intervening cause of an injury is wind, snow, storm, or sea, the test in tort cases remains the same: Did the defendant do all that a reasonable person could have been expected to do to avoid the happening which is the cause of the plaintiff’s injuries? If he did, he is not liable in damages. If he did not, he is liable.
In this case the jury found, on credible and trustworthy evidence, that the defendant did not do all that was reasonably necessary to save people lawfully using the highway from harm resulting from its erection and maintenance of telephone poles, and it was therefore liable in damages to the plaintiff. The verdict was
Affirmed.
General Washington, in issuing an order on August 3, 1776, asking officers and men to refrain from taking the Lord’s name in vain, said that he hoped they would “reflect that we can have little hope of the blessings of Heaven on our arms if we insult it by our impiety and folly.”