86 W. Va. 164 | W. Va. | 1920
The declaration held sufficient on demurrer and certified here substantially presents the following case for adjudication: The Hinton Hardware Company, a corporation engaged in a wholesale and retail hardware business in the City of Hinton, procured from defendant February 8, 1915, a three-year policy of insurance, against damage or destruction by fire on a two-story metal roof frame building in Hinton in which it conducted such business. Sometime in the month of August of that year the directors and stockholders decided to and by a resolution did effect a reorganization of the Hinton Hardware Company under the name of the Hew River Hardware Company, for which purpose they obtained in the regular w»ay a new charter and reorganized and thereafter transacted the same character of business carried on by them or for their use and benefit under the, former corporate name. The Hinton Hardware Company, in consideration of the assumption of its indebtedness by the reorganized company, transferred to the latter its assets, including the insured building, the stockholders and their respective shares and interests in the old and new companies being identical in every particular. On April 21, 1917, about ten months before the, expiration date of the insurance policy, the circuit court of Summers County appointed W. P. Bowling receiver of the assets and business of the Hew River Hardware Company, and B'owling qualified and entered upon the discharge of the duties incident to such office, and took into his possession the stock of hardware wihin the building and necessarily the building itself, and as such sued to recover the amount of the policy, the building having been totally destroyed by fire three days before the expiration of the three-year insurance term.
The ground of challenge against the sufficiency of the declaration is the avoidance of the policy, which follows the usual standard form, by reason of the reorganization of the corpora
The provision of the policy relied on as the, main ground of demurrer reads thus: “This entire policy, unless otherwise provided by agreement indorsed hereon or added hereto, shall be void * * * if any change, other than by the death of an insured, take place in the interest, title or possession of the¡ subject of insurance (except change of occupants without increase of hazard), whether by legal process or judgment, or by the voluntary act of the insured, or otherwise; or if this policy be assigned before a loss.”- Subject to these and other like and similar conditions the contract was made by defendant and accepted by Hinton Hardware Company according to the terms of the policy, and each of the parties thereto is bound and controlled by the terms, conditions and stipulations. The declaration apparently warrants the assumption that plaintiff took immediate, complete and exclusive possession and supervision of the assets of Hew River Hardware Company, including the building insured. If the change in the possession of the property thus wrought by him in the exercise of the powers so conferred contravened the express pro-vision of the insurance contract, it is decisive of the issue.
One of the vital questions upon demurrer, therefore, is, Did plaintiffs possession and occupancy of the building effect the change forbidden by the policy and thereby excuse defendant from the- liability conditionally imposed, by the contract of insurance? Unle,ss disapproved, the decision in Bronson v. New York Fire Ins. Co., 64 W. Va. 494, 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 643, 16
A re-examination of the facts and circumstances of that case and the authorities cited in support of the argument on which the decision rests raises a serious doubt as to the correctness of the principles asserted by it. It seems to be against the weight of authority and finds but little support anywhere. Two cases directly in point because of the, analogy of the facts involved are Southern Pants Co. v. Rochester German Ins. Co., 159 N. C. 78, and Lancashire Ins. Co. v. Boardman, 58 Kans. 339. These cases differ vitally from the Bronson case in principle and holding. They asse,rt the proposition, which we believe to be sound, that a receiver acting under appointment of a court, who takes and holds possession of property intrusted to his care and management, does not thereby effect such a change of possession as falls within the meaning of the forfeiture clause of fire insurance policies, but that the possession is that of the, court through him as an officer, who holds it for the benefit of the parties interested in the result of the litigation, including the, insured himself. This is not a new doctrine. As said in City Bank of Wheeling v. Bryan, 76 W. Va. 481, 483, L. R. A. 1915F, 1219: “A receiver is the officer of the court that appoints him, and derives all his authority from its decrees and orders, and is accountable to it alone-for the faithful administration of his office. Immediately upon his -appointment and qualification he is vested with the right to the possession and management of the assets to be administered. This is especially so in the case of an insolvent corporation. The property of which a receiver has
But even if the possession of the receiver be deemed that of the court, is it not such a change of possession as falls within the condemnation of the insurance policy? Of course the safety and protection of the insurer is dependent to a large extent upon the character of the insured, not alone upon his integrity and good faith, but upon his habits of carefulness, prudence and vigilance. The clause prohibiting a change in interest, title or possession was inserted in the policy for the purpose of avoiding the danger of possible carelessness. But it is not every change of possession that falls within this prohibition. The policy itself excepts those occurring as a result of .the death of the insured, and likewise “changes of occupants without' increase of hazard.” Thus there is disclosed an apparent purpose to attach to the word “possession” a broader significance than ordinarily inheres in the term “occupant” or “occupancy.” As said in Marcello v. Concordia Fire Ins. Co., 234 Pa. St. 31, 38, respecting this identical provision: “In the present policy the word ‘occupant’ seems to be used to indicate actual possession or occupancy, and the word ‘possession’, as used with the words ‘interest’ and ‘title’ in the clause in question, seems to mean legal possession, or possessory right. * * * We do not find that there was any change in the possession except the physical occupancy of the premises, which is not forbidden by the term of the policy of insurance.” Upon this reasoning the court held
The appointment of a receiver does not effect a change of title¡ to the property. He is merely a custodian or caretaker acting for and under the direction of the court whose representative he is. 'When he assumes possession of the property, he does so in the capacity, of temporary occupant whose only duty is to preserve the assets intrusted to him pending the determination of the court respecting conflicting claims thereto, and if in favor of the owner, to return his property to him intact, as -far as possible under the, circumstances. The receiver enjoys none of the beneficial incidents which ordinarily are characteristic of a legal possession. He represents not his own but the interests of others. The title and beneficial right remain in the owner, though for the time being .the latter is removed from the occupancy and administration of his property and another appointed to act temporarily in his stead and for his benefit and protection. The receiver’s custody is more that of an occupant than of one entitled as of right to the possession; and the policy excepts from its provisions “changes of occupants without increase of hazard.” Whether there has been an increase of hazard is a question to be determined upon the trial of the case. Waldradt v. Phoenix Insurance Co., 136 N. Y. 375. The power exerted through a receivership has for its chief purpose the preservation of the sequestered property to meet present demands against it.
In addition to the authorities cited above in support of the conclusion reached respecting the nature and effect of the receiver’s occupancy of the insured premises, there are others which,’ though somewhat different in their facts, yet possess an inferential bearing upon the question at issue sufficient to entitle them to citation. Keeney v. Home Insurance Co., 71 N. Y. 396; Waldradt v. Phoenix Insurance Co., supra; Farmers Fire Ins. Co. v. Baker, 94 Md. 545; Georgia Home Insurance Co. v. Bartlett, 91 Va. 305; Thompson v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 136 U. S. 287. Bor a general discussion of the question see 14 R. C. L. 1122; 4 Joyce on Insurance (2d Ed.), § 2288a; 2 Cooley’s Briefs on Insurance, pp. 1747-1748, and Supplement, volume 6, corresponding pages; Elliott on Contracts, § 4260; Notes, 16 Ann. Cas. 868 and 19 L. R. A. (1ST. S.) 643. If it becomes necessary to resort to the rules of interpretation to ascertain the true meaning of an insurance policy, and it-is susceptible of more than one construction, the one most favorable to the insured is to be' adopted, according to the authorities. Tucker v. Colonial Fire Ins. Co., 58 W. Va. 30; Downey v. National Fire Ins. Co., 77 W. Va. 386; Prudential Fire Ins. Co. v. Alley, 104 Va. 356. As the conclusion reached is inconsistent with the holding in the Bronson case (64 W. Va. 494) we therefore overrule it.
The remaining question for consideration relates to the reorganization of the Hinton Hardware Company under the corporate name and charter of the New River Hardware Company, and the transfer to the latter of all the¡ “assets” of the former, including presumably the building insured. Whether the conveyance from the old to the new company, having the same stockholders and management, involved such a change of title as
The declaration does not state sufficient facts to enable us to determine the true effect of the. reorganization. It is silent concerning the procedure followed. It does not disclose the nature and contents of the respective charters or whether the original corporation was immediately dissolved upon the creation of the new or continued in existence. It alleges the transfer of aissqts from the original to the reorganized company, but states that “said transfer was purely formal and that thereby there was no change of interest of any stockholder * * * (or) in the business that was being conducted for the purposes for which any of the property of said Hinton Hardware Company was being used; that the stockholders in the Hew River Hardware Company were identical with those in the Hinton Hardware Company, and that each stockholder held the -same proportion of stock in the Hew River Hardware Company that he had held in the Hinton Hardware Company.” But these allegations have no material bearing upon thq question whether the two companies were the same or different corporate entities, and do not constitute a prima facie showing that there was no change of identity.
For these, reasons we reverse the ruling of the lower court, •sustain the demurrer to the declaration, with leave to amend, and certify our conclusion for the guidance of the trial court in further proceedings in the case. ■
Reversed and demurrer s'ustained.