delivered the opinion of the court:
Joshua Bowler was injured when he fell off the roof of a three-story apartment building in Chicago. Plaintiff Trudy Bowler, as Joshua’s mother and guardian, filed an action against defendant the City of Chicago (City) asserting the City breached a duty of care to Joshua and acted wilfully and negligently when it failed to enforce the building code and issued a permit for construction of access to the roof knowing the proposed constructiоn design violated the City’s building code (Chicago Municipal Code §13 — 4—010 et seq. (2004)). The trial court dismissed the complaint against the City, finding the City immune from liability under the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/1 — 101 et seq. (West 2006)) (the Tort Immunity Act). Plaintiff appeals, arguing (1) the City is not immune from Lability for its wilful and wanton conduct in issuing the construction permit, (2) the court erred in finding plaintiff failed to allege wilful and wanton conduct in the City’s execution and enfоrcement of the building code sufficient to plead liability under section 2 — 202 of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/2 — 202 (West 2006)), and (3) the common law “public duty” rule does not defeat the City’s duty of care to Joshua. We affirm.
Background
On December 12, 2004, Joshua attended a party held on the roof deck of the three-story residential building at 3444 N. Janssen Street owned by Charles Bleck and Linda Chiu. The deck was on the east side of the building’s roof. To reach the raised deck, guests climbed stairs leading from the building’s third-floor unit to a penthouse at roof level and then walked across the roof to the deck. The roof had a nine-inch-high parapet wall around it. Joshua was standing at the parapet wall when he fell backwards over the wall to the ground 40 feet below. As a result of the fall, he is now a quadriplegic.
Bleck and Chiu had bought the building in 1996 and started construction of the roof access stairway and pеnthouse in mid-July 1997. In late July 1997, a building inspector discovered Bleck and Chiu did not have a permit for the construction and ordered the work to cease. On August 14, 1997, the City issued a summons to Bleck and Chiu, notifying them of building code violations and setting a September 11, 1997, administrative hearing date for the violations. Sometime in August 1997, Bleck submitted an application for a construction permit. He attached blueprints of the proposed roof access construction to his application. A city architectural plan examiner approved the blueprints for issuance of a construction permit. The chief architectural plan examiner also reviewed the blueprints and approved issuance of the permit on August 21, 1997. At the hearing on the code violations, the administrative law judge dismissed the citations against Bleck and Chiu given the City’s issuance of the сonstruction permit.
Plaintiff filed an action on Joshua’s behalf against Bleck, Chiu, architect Robert Bleck, the architectural firm Bleck & Bleck and the City. Only her claim against the City is at issue here. In plaintiffs second amended complaint, she alleged the roof violated sections 13— 124 — 310, 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330 of the City’s building code (Chicago Municipal Code §§13 — 124—310, 13 — 124—320, 13 — 124— 330 (2004)) because it did not have three-foot-high protective guards around the edge of the roof.
Plaintiff asserted the City had a duty “to refrain from a course of action which either actually, deliberately or with an utter disregard for the safety of the public executed documents that approved the construction that violated” sections 13 — 124—310, 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330. She asserted the City, in breach of this duty, “deliberately, willfully or with а wanton disregard for the safety of the public including plaintiff” participated in the violation of the safety requirements in sections 13 — 124—310, 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330 by executing an order for Bleck’s work; executed an administrative order on the basis of a reinspection of the property that recklessly overlooked the existing violation of sections 13 — 124—310, 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330; undertook a reinspection that disregarded the obvious omission of the guarding as rеquired in sections 13 — 124—310, 13— 124 — 320 and 13 — 124—330; “chose not to enforce the Chicago Building Code when they knew that the violation posed unreasonable risks of harm to citizens lawfully on the premises”; and/or “authorized the violation of the Chicago Building Code.” She alleged Joshua fell over a noncomplying parapet wall as a direct and proximate result of one or more of the wilful activities.
The City filed a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint pursuant to section 2 — 619(a)(9) of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2 — 619(a)(9) (West 2006)), arguing that it was immune from liability under sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 104 and 2 — 105 of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 104, 2 — 105 (West 2006)). The court granted the motion to dismiss with prejudice, finding the City immune from liability under sections 2 — 103 and 2 — 205 of the Tort Immunity Act and the wilful and wanton exception to immunity from liability provided in section 2 — 202 of the Tort Immunity Act did not apply. Plaintiff appeals the court’s order dismissing her suit against the City. The сase against the other defendants continues below.
Analysis
The court allowed the motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2 — 619(a)(9) of the Code. Under section 2 — 619, a valid cause of action is presumed but barred by an affirmative matter, a defense which negates the plaintiffs cause of action. 735 ILCS 5/2 — 619(a)(9) (West 2006); Kedzie & 103d Currency Exchange, Inc. v. Hodge,
Immunity
In her opening brief, plaintiff argues the court erred in finding the City immune from liability under sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 104 and 2 — 105. Pursuant to sections 2 — 103 and 2 — 205, neither a local public entity (sеction 2 — 103) nor an employee of a public entity (section 2 — 205) is liable for injury caused by adopting or failing to adopt an enactment or by failing to enforce any law. 745 ILCS 10/2 — 103, 2 — 205 (West 2006). Pursuant to section 2 — 104, a local public entity is not liable for an injury caused by
“the issuance, denial, suspension or revocation of, or by the failure or refusal to issue, deny, suspend or revoke, any permit, license, certificate, approval, order or similar authorization where the entity or its employee is authorized by enactment to determine whether or not such authorization should be issued, denied, suspended or revoked.” 745 ILCS 10/2 — 104 (West 2006).
Pursuant to section 2 — 105, a local public entity is not liable for an injury caused by “its failure to make an inspection, or by reason of making an inadequate or negligent inspection, of any property, other than its own, to determinе whether the property complies with or violates any enactment or contains or constitutes a hazard to health or safety.” 745 ILCS 10/2 — 105 (West 2006). Under the plain and unambiguous language of these sections, it would appear that the City is immune from liability for failing to enforce the building code, issuing the construction permit, negligently inspecting and/or failing to inspect the property.
Plaintiff asserts, however, that the immunities in sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 104 and 2 — 105 аre not blanket immunities because section 2 — 202 of the Tort Immunity Act excludes immunity for wilful and wanton misconduct by a public employee “in the execution and enforcement of any law” (745 ILCS 10/2 — 202 (West 2006)). She argues the acts or omissions given immunity in sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 104 and 2 — 105 were derived from common law negligence and section 2 — 202 can, therefore, be invoked as an exception to those immunities where wilful and wanton conduct occurred. She further argues the court erred in dismissing her complaint because she sufficiently alleged that the City acted wilfully and wantonly in the execution and enforcement of the law when its inspectors ignored the blatant omission of the guarding, its examiners approved the blueprints on which no guarding was drawn and the City executed the permit, falsely confirming that the proposed work was proper.
This court recently addressed the issue of the City’s immunity from liability for its failure to enforce the building code and for performing inadequate inspections in Ware v. City of Chicago,
Pursuant to a supervisory order from our supreme court, we considered this question in light of DeSmet v. County of Rock Island,
In DeSmet, our supreme court held that the plain language of an immunity demonstrates the legislature’s intent and, where no express exception for wilful and wanton conduct appears in a provision, the legislature intended to provide unqualified immunity. Ware,
We rejected the plaintiffs’ argument that section 2 — 202 applies in conjunction with sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 105 and 2 — 207. Wore,
In Doe, a police officer took control of a crime scene and repeatedly prevented rescuers from entering an apartment wherein an intruder had locked himself and was repeatedly raping a young girl and threatening her brother. The officer knew the danger the children were in because the children’s mother had been raped by the intruder and, having managed to escape the apartment, had called the police to help rescue her children. Although section 4 — 102 of the Tort Immunity Act immunizes a municipality and its employees for failing to provide police protection (745 ILCS 10/4 — 102 (West 2006)), Doe held that section 2 — 202 could be read in conjunction with section 4 — 102 because the officer was executing and enforcing the law when he took control of the entire crime scene. Doe,
In DeSmet, an anonymous caller reported seeing a car in a ditch but police and rescue personnel failed to respond to the scene of the accident and the driver of the car died. The supreme court held that its decision in Doe was inapplicable under the circumstances present in DeSmet because the police’s failure to respond to the scene of the accident did not constitute an act or course of conduсt in the execution or enforcement of the law or control over the scene such that, as happened in Doe, the status quo was altered to the detriment of others. DeSmet,
Because the supreme court so limited the applicability of section 2 — 202 to the facts and ordinance at issue in Doe, we determined that section 2 — 202 could not be read in conjunction with sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 105 and 2 — 207. Ware,
Given our decision in Wore and thе supreme court’s decision in DeSmet, we hold that section 2 — 202 cannot be read in conjunction with the sections at issue here, sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 104, and 2 — 105. Ware dealt directly with sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205 and 2 — 105. Therefore, beyond noting that neither the outrageous circumstances present in Doe nor section 4 — 102 is at issue here, we need not belabor section 2 — 202’s applicability to sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205 and 2 — 105. We find similarly that section 2 — 202 cannot be read in сonjunction with section 2 — 104 to create an exception to the immunity section 2 — 104 provides for issuance of a permit. Again, neither the circumstances nor the ordinance at issue in Doe is at issue here. Further, as is section 2 — 105, section 2 — 104 is a specific provision. It directly addresses the City’s immunity for issuance of the work permit and, therefore, it governs over the more general immunity stated in section 2 — 202. Ware,
Further, as the City points out, plaintiff did not allege Joshua was injured because City employees acted wilfully and wantonly in executing or enforcing the law. Rather, she alleged Joshua was injured because the City failed to enforce the law. To quote plaintiffs second amended complaint: the City
“deliberately, willfully or with a wanton disregard for the safety of the public including plaintiff undertook one or more of the following activities:
a) participated in the violation of [the sections 13 — 124—310, 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330 safety requirements] by executing an order for Bleck’s work;
b) executed an administrative order on the basis of a re-inspection of the property that recklessly overlooked the violation of [sections 13 — 124—310, 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330] that existed[;]
c) undertook a reinspection that disregarded the obvious, patent omission of the guarding as set forth in [sections 13 — 124—310, 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330;]
d) chose not to enforce the Chicago Building Code when they knew that the violation posed unreasonable risks of harm to citizens lawfully on the premises;
e) authorized the violation of the Chicago Building Code.”
None of these allegations accuse the City or any of its employees of executing or enforcing a law. Indeed, allegation (d) asserts the City “chose not to enforce” a law, the building code.
Plaintiff argues that she is not claiming “failure to enforce the building code but rather wilful and wanton conduct in the enforcement of the building code by carving out an exception that does not and has never existed.” Carving out an exception means nothing more than that the City declined to enforce the building code for some reason. Her claim comes down to the same thing: the City and its employees did not enforce the building code, whether through approval of the blueprints, approval of the construction permit, overlooking obvious violations on reinspection, entering an order for the permit or allowing Bleck and Chui to construct the roof access. Enforcement of the building code entails requiring violators of the code to comply with the code or pay a penalty, whether through fines, work stoppage or denial or revocation of permits. It does not entail doing nothing, as plaintiff alleges the City and its employees did here. Accordingly, as the trial court held, her claims do not fall within the immunity exception stated in section 2 — 202, even if it was applicable.
In her reply brief on appeal, plaintiff asserts the City misunderstood and mischaracterized her pleading and, for the first time on appeal, states that sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205 and 2 — 104 do not bar her claims because they have no applicability in this case. She asserts that section 2 — 103 is inapplicable because her claim is not that Joshua was injured because the City enacted the guardrail provision nor that the City failed to enforce its building code requirement for a guardrail; section 2 — 205 is inapplicable because she is not claiming a public employee failed to enforce a law; and section 2 — 104 is inapplicable because she is not asserting that the City issued a permit for the building of access to the roof or that the permit was wrongfully issued for the construction undertaken. She also states that, if she was claiming that the City is liable because it failed to make an inspection or that its inspection was inadequate or negligent, section 2 — 105 would be inapplicable.
She argues that her claim, rather, is that the reinspection was a lie; the lie was perpetrated by the finding of the administrative law judge who issued the order for the permit; it is the administrative law judge’s responsibility to uphold the law; and the administrative law judge knowingly executed an order that permitted issuance of a permit based on a lie, thereby acting wilfully and wantonly in enforcing the law and invoking the exception from immunity in the execution or enforcement of any law provided in section 2 — 202. This is an entirely new argument.
The City did not misunderstand plaintiffs pleading. The claims she says she is not pleading are exactly the claims she did plead in her second amended complaint and reasserted in her opening brief. Moreover, nowhere in her second amended complaint did plaintiff argue that the administrative law judge’s order for issuance of the permit, allegedly made with the knowledge that therе had been no re-inspection notwithstanding the building inspectors assertions to the contrary, was a wilful and wanton execution of the law exempt from immunity pursuant to section 2 — 202. Nowhere in her opening brief did she argue the trial court overlooked such a claim. In fact, nowhere in her opening brief did she state sections 2 — 103, 2 — 205, 2 — 104 and 2 — 105 were inapplicable. Issues raised for the first time in an appellant’s reply brief are deеmed waived on appeal (188 Ill. 2d R. 341(e)(7)), unless responsive to an argument raised in the appellee’s brief. People v. Brownell,
Because we find the City immune from liability in this case, we need not address plaintiffs argument regarding the applicability of the public duty rule.
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
Affirmed.
THEIS and CUNNINGHAM, JJ., concur.
Notes
Chapter 13 — 124 is titlеd “Safeguards During Construction — Building Safety Requirements.” Section 13 — 124—310 provides: “Guards to prevent persons from falling shall be provided as required in Sections 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330, inclusive.” Chicago Municipal Code §13 — 124—310 (2004). Sections 13 — 124—320 and 13 — 124—330 provide, in salient part, “[gjuards shall be required at every point of danger including *** [a]t all edges of every floor, balcony, mezzanine or other space used or intended for human occupancy which is at a height of mоre than two feet above the floor, ground or pavement directly below” (Chicago Municipal Code §13 — 124—320 (2004)) and “[g)uards may be formed by walls, balustrades, grills or railings not less than three feet, six inches in height, by area gratings or by other approved devices” (Chicago Municipal Code §13 — 124—330 (2004)).
Section 2 — 207 is essentially identical to section 2 — 105 in that it provides immunity to a public employee, rather than to the public entity, for injuries caused by his failure to make or adequately perform an inspection. 745 ILCS 10/2 — 207 (West 2006).