delivered the opinion of the Court.
Thе broad complaint of the appellant, Wright Weedon Bowie, is that he made a “deal” with the State and the State broke the bargain. The general cry of “Foul” takes on legal specificity in the parallel but distinct contentions 1) that an implicit grant of immunity foreclosed prosecution of the instant cases and 2) that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was infringed. Both claims were denied by Judge Samuel W. Barrick at a pretrial hearing in the Circuit Court for Frederick County, and both are here appealed. The denial of the latter is properly before us. The denial of the former was interlocutory in nature and is, therefore, prematurely challenged.
The calendar of surface events is simple. The actions beneath the surface are somewhat murkier. The appellant was charged by the Grand Jury for Frederick County for drug-related offenses under two separate indictments on May 21, 1969. That being the moment when he first became an “accused,” all speedy trial calculations must be reckoned from that point.
United States v. Marion,
At the pretrial hearing, both the appellant and the appellant’s counsel testified. The State’s Attorney did not. From its probing cross-examination of the appellant, howеver, the State’s position was, in part at least, developed.
The evidence established that sometime in July, 1969, the appellant, on his own initiative, sought to make a “deal” for himself by offering information to the State in exchange for some form of leniency. The appellant, aided by counsel, prepared a three-page memorandum, promising various items of underworld intelligence, which the appellant was ostensibly willing to divulge. Appellаnt’s counsel arranged for him to meet with the State’s Attorney and several law enforcement officers. That meeting occurred on July 31, 1969. The testimony is utterly chaotic as to the nature of any agreement that may have come out of that meeting. It is clear, however, that the appellant sought the meeting. It is also apparent that the maximum consideration which the appellant was then seeking was a disposition of “probation without verdict” on the pending indictments. As a tactical judgment, he did not seek that disposition immediately but settled on a holding position “that his case be postponed for the time being.” The three-page memorandum is not part of the record, but its concluding paragraph is:
“I would feel it proper that his case be postponed for the time being. Although I have not made up my mind, I do not feel at the present time that I want to ask for its dismissal or a nolle pros, since I would be concerned about his security. I believe that I would ask of the State’s Attorney consideration of a request on his part for ‘probation without verdict’. My client at one time worked for the Government, and I want to keep his record in such condition that he might be able to obtain re-employment there should *571 he apply. At the same time, I am concerned at this time about a request for a nolle pros in view of the fact that it may endanger eithеr his life or physical being.
(s) Richard E. Zimmerman Attorney for Wright Weedon Bowie July 31, 1969
I have read the within papers, verified to the truth of the same and agreed to the undertaking suggested by my Attorney.
(s) Wright W. Bowie”
The appellant acknowledged that he did learn subsequent to this July 31st meeting that the indictments against him would be placed upon the stet docket. In his testimony, he made the further claim that it was his expectation that this tentative termination of the charges would become absolute at some future time.
Upon our independent constitutional review, we find that the appellant, by his actions, waived his right to a speedy trial. We agree with the finding of Judge Barrick:
“Here the cases were placed on the Stet Docket with the acknowledgment and apparent blessing of the defendant and his attorney. At no time has there been a request that the cases be brought to trial. According to the memorandum that Bowie’s attorney prepаred for his files after the conference on July 31, 1969, Bowie’s attorney requested that these cases be ‘postponed for the time being.’ The memorandum goes on to indicate that he, Bowie’s attorney, had not made up his mind as to the best way to dispose of these cases as far as Bowie was concerned and apparently was quite willing for them to go on the Stet Docket. Although there may have been an assumption that this action would finally dispose of them, and therefore both Bowie and his attorney may have been *572 lulled into a false sense of security, this still amounts to a waiver of a speedy trial. It seems to the Court that one cannot acquiesce to all the procedural aspects concerning the trial of these cases and then plead that he was denied a speedy trial.”
The waiver in this case was not by mere inaction, from which position of disadvantage the аppellant might redeem himself by a showing of actual prejudice coupled with a showing of undue delaying tactics or bad faith by the State.
State v. Lawless,
It was at the second ground for his motion to dismiss the indictments that the appellant contended that the State had granted him complete immunity on the existing charges, however inartful its methods may have been in implementing that grant. He urges, therefore, that the State was foreclosed from resurreсting the indictments and his motion to dismiss was erroneously denied.
Even accepting his theory at face value for the moment, the reneging on a promise of immunity by the State would not, in any event, amount to a denial of an absolute constitutional right. Every wrong is not,
ipso facto,
unconstitutional. Whatever bargain a defendant may strike for himself in the prosecutorial marketplace, he possesses no
constitutional
right to have immunity conferred upon him. The denial of the motion, in this regard, was therefore, a
pro forma
order, interlocutory in nature, and any appeal therefrom may, under Mary
*573
land Rule 1035, be dismissed “as prematurely taken.”
Raimondi v. State,
Although the prematurity of the appeal on this issue would ordinarily be dispositive of the point at this time, we note that the “immunity” issue was interlinked with the “speedy trial” issue as part of a single motion to dismiss the indictments. The evidentiary hearing elicited testimony on both points. The ruling of the trial court was on both points. Since the record has already been fully reviewed by us and sincе both points were briefed and argued upon this appeal, we deem it, in the exercise of our discretion and in the interests of judicial economy, not inappropriate to express our opinion on the issue at this time. See
Kardy v. Shook,
We agree with the ruling of the trial court. Although the testimony at the hearing below permits of several factual interpretations, under none of the interpretations may the appellant prevail in law.
As the moving party, the appellant bore the burden of establishing a clear factual predicate for his theory of defense. Even leaving aside the question of whether the purported agreement was cognizable and enforceable at law, it was required of him to show 1) precisely what the agreement was, 2) his own performance in fulfillment of the agreed upon obligation and 3) an unjustified breaching of the agreement on the part of the State. The fаctual picture that unfolds here is, at best, impressionistic. Whatever agreement, if any, emerged from the proceedings of July 31 is, on the face of this record, as Winston Churchill once characterized the Soviet Union, “a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma.” 1
As to the consideration given by this appellant, it is not clear whether he was to furnish information, as of July 31, about past offenses or whether he was to cooperate with the State on а continuing basis by furnishing information as to such future violations of the crimi *574 nal law as would come within his ken. In the latter event, it is not clear how long the obligation would continue. It is not clear what the standard would be for measuring the appellant’s performance. The petitions of the State to remove the indictments from the stet docket recited, in pertinent part:
“SECOND: That the reason given in support of the motion to STET was that the Defendant had offered to cooperate with the State, then and in the future, by supplying information pertaining to the violations of the Drug Laws in Frederick County.
THIRD: That not only has the Defendant failed to comply with his agreement, he now stands charged in No. 2671 Criminals in the Circuit Court for Frederick County, Maryland, for maintaining a common nuisance in violation of Section 286 (a) (5) of Article 27 of the Annotated Code of Maryland, amended, which said charge is a violation of the Uniform Controlled Dangerous Substances Act.”
As to the consideration given to this appellant, it is not clear whether he received a purported immunity as to the indictments at bar or whether he received a purported immunity as to other crimes as to which he might incriminate himself in the course of furnishing information about them. It is not clear in either event whether he was offered “testimonial immunity”
2
or “transactional immunity.”
3
If it were “testimonial immunity,” appropriate redress would simply be the suppression of any incriminating statements at the time of the trial itself, not dismissal of charges. See
United States v. Blue,
Even if the law were as the appellant would have' it be, he cannot be deemed to have established successfully at the pretrial hearing the existence of an agreement, *575 his own satisfactory performance pursuant to that agreement or the unjustified breach of that agreement on the part of the State. His plight on the state of the facts, however, is compounded by his plight on the state of the law. Even if the facts were as he would have them be, he cannot prevail in law.
Immunity, in the first place, could never be granted to the appellant by anyone in the circumstances of this case. There is no inherent, common law power in the State’s Attorney or in the Grand Jury or in the judge or in anyone else to confer immunity from prosecution. Immunity is exclusively a creation of statute and can only exist where a statute has brought it into being. Maryland has no general immunity statute. There are limited statutory provisions providing for the granting of immunity for certain specific crimes. See, for example, Article 27, Section 23 (Bribery of Public Officials) ; Article 27, Section 24 (Bribery in Athletic Contests) ; Article 27, Section 39 (Conspiracy to Bribe) ; Article 27, Section 262 (Gambling) ; Article 27, Section 371 (Lottery) ; Article 27, Section 400 (Obtaining Liquor by Minors) ; Article 27, Section 540 (Sabotage) ; Article 33, Section 26-16 (c) (Fair Election Practices); and see
State v. Comes,
Even in the absence of a legally conferred immunity, a witness may, under certain compelling circumstances, avail himself of limited and alternative' redress. The compelling circumstances are such that the appellant here would not qualify; the redress is such that the appellant here would not benefit. It is generally held that where a prosecuting attorney purports to offer immunity, even in the absence of lawful authority to do so; where that action has the imprimatur of the trial court; and where, as a result of that representation, a witness either enters a plea of guilty to one charge in' return for an anticipated immunity on another or testifies against an accomplice or co-defendant in what, absent immunity, would be а self-incriminating fashion, he acquires at least an equitable claim to immunity from prosecution. The authorities are agreed, however, that such circumstances may not be pleaded in bar as a defense but simply give rise to an equitable right to a recommendation
*577
for executive clemency.
United States v. Ford, supra; Lowe v. State,
“The fact that a participant or accomplice in the commission of a сrime testifies or agrees to testify on behalf of the prosecution, fully and fairly disclosing the guilt of himself and his associates, with the understanding or promise, express or implied, that he will be granted a pardon or will not be prosecuted for his offense does not, in the absence of a statute so providing, as discussed infra § 46 (7), entitle him to a pardon or immunity as a matter of right; and such facts may not be pleaded in bar of a prosecution. . . .
The established prаctice, in such cases, is not to prosecute the accomplice; if he has already been indicted the prosecuting attorney will usually enter a nolle prosequi to the indictment. If this is not done the accomplice’s sole remedy is by application to the pardoning power; in accordance with established practice, the court usually will, in jurisdictions where a pardon before conviction is permissible, grant a continuance so that application for a pardon may be made, or, in jurisdictions where a pardon can be given only after conviction, grant a suspension of sentence until an application for executive clemency can be made.”
See also 21 Am.Jur.2d, Criminal Law, § 147, “Right to immunity in absence of statutory authority”:
“Where the case is not within any statute, the general rule is that if an accomplice, when examined as a witness by the public prosecutor, discloses fully and fairly the guilt of himself *578 and his associates, he will not be prosecuted for the offense disclosed, but he cannot plead such fact in bar of any indictment against him or avail himself of it on his trial, since it is merely an equitable right to the mercy of the executive and can only come before the court by way of application to put off the trial in order to give the prisoner time to apply to the executive for that purpose.”
In the case at bar, the purported conferring of immunity was not done in court with the approval of the court, nor did the appellant offer a guilty plea on certain charges or give testimony against an accomplice. Even if he did not suffer these disqualifications, the appellant would still be bereft of an absolute legal defense, which he here asserted on his motion to dismiss, and would be entitled at most to a suspension of sentence upon conviction in order that he might seek some sort of executive clemency. It is clear, however, that he is disqualified from even that limited redress.
The foregoing considerations would be enough, in and of themselves, to deny relief to this appellant even had the information which he divulged been self-incriminatory as to the charges at bar. That the information he ostensibly furnished related to other offenses, however, places him at yet a further disadvantage uрon this issue. Neither the legal right to immunity, conferred by a prosecutor under an appropriate statutory authority, nor the equitable right to executive clemency, growing out of a prosecutor’s ultra vires proffering of immunity, can ever attach to one crime because of even compelled testimony as to another crime.
The very notion of immunity is no more than a mirror image of the privilege against self-incrimination. State and national legislаtures, in their wisdom, may from time to time determine that for certain purposes it is desirable to obtain testimony that would otherwise be unavailable because of a witness’s privilege against self-
*579
incrimination. Immunity is the legislatively-created device for obtaining such testimony. It negates the privilege against testifying by removing its predicate of possible incrimination. As such, the conferred immunity needs to be, in order to compel testimony, as broad as the privilege it displaces. Conversely, the immunity, as a mere negative aspect of the privilege, is no broader than the privilege it displaces.
Murphy v. Waterfront Commission of New York,
Neither does the evidence reveal nor does the appellant allege that he was asked for or that he furnished information bearing upon the instant charges. His privilege against self-incrimination as to these charges was, thus, in no wаy involved. There being no displacement of the privilege as to these cases, there could be no immunity following in its attendant wake.
In
Allers v. State,
“Appellant was being tried - for an offense which was in no way connected with the crimi *580 nal case in which he became a witness on thе promise of immunity. There is high authority for the proposition that, even if the present case had arisen, and the indictment been found, in Baltimore City, within the jurisdiction of the state’s attorney who is alleged to have promised immunity as to all crimes which defendant had then committed as an inducement to him to testify in a particular case about to be tried in Baltimore City, such promise would have been without authority or effect so far as it was intended to proteсt the defendant from prosecution in the present case. See 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) p. 441, note.”
A fortiori, the mere furnishing of information, something less than giving testimony, about unrelated crimes can never serve to confer immunity as to a pending charge. Pertinent here is 22 C.J.S., Criminal Law, § 46 (7), “Testimony under Agreement,” p. 179:
“An agreement which looks merely to co-operation of accused with state officers in the detection of crime generally cannot afford immunity ; nor can an agreement to dismiss a prosecution in consideration of information as to other offenses be enforced.”
See also
Application of Parham,
It may be, as the appellant asserts, that he furnished to law enforcement officials information about other crimes and other criminals. If this be so and that information in no way incriminated this appellant, he would be bereft of even an arguable claim of immunity. If the information furnished was not incriminating as to him, he could claim no privilege against self-incrimination. If there was no privilege to be displaced, there could be no immunity as the displacing agent. Upon a proper summons, he could be required to furnish such information *581 before a Grand Jury or before a trial court, and he would not be privileged to withhold it. As Professor McCormick points out, in Evidence at p. 286, “Immunity statutes have as their purpose not a gift of amnesty but the securing of testimony which because of privilege could not otherwise be procured.” The point is well articulated in 21 Am.Jur.2d, Criminal Law, § 148, at p. 218:
“To be entitled tо immunity from prosecution under a constitutional or statutory provision granting immunity, the witness must have given testimony or produced evidence to which the privilege against self-incrimination applies. In other words, the witness becomes immune only if he could have properly refused to testify because his answers would tend to incriminate him or his testimony was of a character he was privileged to withhold.”
See also
Henderson v. State,
If, on the other hand, the appellant did furnish information to law enfоrcement officials about other crimes and other criminals and if such information did incriminate him, even then his arguable claim of immunity (assuming a compulsion, assuming a statutory authority for the prosecutor to confer immunity and assuming an actual grant to him of such immunity) would go only to such other crimes and not to the ones at bar. The appellant is not immune, and his prosecution may proceed.
Order of the trial court denying the motion to dismiss affirmed and cases remаnded for further proceedings; costs to be paid by appellant.
Notes
. Radio broadcast over BBC on October 1, 1939.
. Sometimes referred to as “use immunity.”
. Sometimes referred to as “immunity from prosecution.”
. And see
Pick v. State,
In articulating very forcefully the universal proposition that the power to grant immunity is not inherent in any officer, in any branch of government, but can only be conferred by explicit provision of constitution or statute, then Chief Justice Cardozo, of the New York Court of Appeals, said in
Doyle v. Hofstader,
“The conclusion, we think, is inescapable that a power to suspend the criminal law by the tender of immunity is not an implied or inherent incident of a power to investigate. It may be necessary for fruitful results in a particular instance, but it is not so generally indispensable as to attach itself automatically to the mere power to inquire. Whether the good to be attained by procuring the testimony of criminals is greater or less than the evil to be wrought by exempting them forever from prosecution for their crimes is a question of high policy as to which the law-making department of the government is entitled to be heard.”