delivered the opinion of the ■ Court.
This was a proceeding conducted in the circuit court of MeMinn County for the contest of the will of one David Bowerman. The declaration was in the usual form; also the first plea. The second and third pleas, present the real matters of controversy. They are in substance the same, and aver that the will was invalid, because it was made “under a mistake and misapprehension of the facts; the same having been made at a time when the said David Bowerman believed that the defendant P. L. Bowerman, the only son of the said David Bowerman, was dead, and this mistake and misapprehension was such as renders the said paper writing void and of no effect as to this defendant.” On motion of the executor the trial judge struck out both pleas. On the trial, however, the defendant offered evidence which tended to show that the testator, some years before his death, had used language indicating that he believed that the contestant, P. L. Bowerman, was dead. It appears from the evidence that the latter had left home many years prior to his father’s death, and did not return until some years
Did the court of civil appeals commit error in affirming the judgment of the trial court? We are of the opinion that it did not. The question may be tested by determining whether the evidence offered was competent. We think that it was not competent. It is contrary to sound policy to admit evidence of conversa- - ■tions with the testator, occurring either before or after the making of the will, as to his purposes or his reasons for making a disposition, or failing to make a disposition. Such evidence would open wide the door of fraud. The fact that the testator is dead, and therefore cannot give his version of the matter, must operate strongly on the minds of the court. When to this is added the great temptation to falsify, springing out of the prizes which success offers, the ease with which such falsification may be accomplished through the subornation of conscienceless witnesses and the practical impossibility of detecting the fraud, the aversion of the court to such evidence becomes more pro
Moreover, if the evidence could be at all effective, under our system, two points would have to be established: Firstly, that the testator was laboring under a mistake as to the fact; and, secondly, that if the truth had been known he would have made a different disposition, and we think these facts should appear in the will itself. The danger arising from evidence dehors the will we have just stated. There is nothing in the will' on the subject. It may be suggested that natural affection would prompt an equal 'division of a testator’s. property among his children, but the operation of this motive is so deflected by the conduct of children themselves, as well as by demands made upon the parent in his lifetime by some children as compared with others, that it is not at all a reliable criterion. Besides this, there is no rule in this State requiring equality among the children. The testator can dispose of his property as he wishes. He may give it all to one child, or divide it among them in such varying proportions as his judgment and affection may dictate. He may even pretermit one or more of his children, not even mentioning them in the will, and they cannot complain, or
Statutes similar to our own protecting unborn children pretermitted in wills, and many statutes protecting children or heirs at law generally against having been unintentionally pretermitted, have been passed in various States. A list of many of these will be found in a note to Wilson v. Fosket, 6 Metc. (Mass.), 400, 39 Am. Dec., 740, et seq. Of course, it has been held under such statutes that parol evidence is admissible to show whether the ommission was intentional or otherwise. In the absence of such statutes, however, it is clear that evidence of the hind would be irrelevant, since the intention of the testator must he gathered from the will itself. Parol evidence is not admitted, except to explain a latent ambiguity, or rebut a resulting trust. In States where there is no statute in favor of pretermitted children it is held, as we have held here, that the mistake must appear on the face of the will. The case of Gifford v. Dyer, 2 R. I., 99, 57 Am. Dec., 708, was such a case. In that case it was held that the fact that testatrix had been laboring under a mistake as to the supposed death of her son could not be shown dehors the will, that the mistake must appear on the face of the will, and that it must also appear what would have been the will of the testator but for the mistake. In that opinion an authority was cited (Campbell v. French, 3 Ves. Jun., 321) to the effect that, where the testator revokes a legacy upon
On the grounds stated we are of the opinion that there was no error in the judgment of the court of civil appeals, and it is affirmed.