954 F. Supp. 2d 54
D.N.H.
2013

ORDER

JOSEPH A. DiCLERICO, JR., District Judge.

George Bougopoulos sued Altria Group, Inc. (“Altria”), Philip Morris USA Inc. (“Philip Morris”), and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Inc. (“R.J. Reynolds”), alleging claims for products liability; negligence; negligent misrepresentation; fraudulent misrepresentation; violation of New Hampshire’s Consumer Protection Act, RSA 358-A:2; and violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., arising out of Bougopoulos’s injuries from smoking cigarettes manufactured by the defendants. The defendants move to dismiss all claims other than the misrepresentation claims. Bougopoulos objects to the motion.

Background

Bougopoulos alleges that he began smoking cigarettes in 1960 when he was-thirteen years old. At first, Bougopoulos smoked Lucky Strike Cigarettes, which were manufactured and marketed by R.J. Reynolds. A few years later, addicted to nicotine, Bougopoulos started smoking Marlboro cigarettes, which were marketed and manufactured by Philip Morris Companies Inc., the predecessor to Altria and Philip Morris. Bougopoulos alleges that the defendants focused their marketing for both brands of cigarettes on getting young people, such as him, to smoke.

Bougopoulos alleges that he was addicted to smoking before the appearance of the first warning label on cigarette boxes in 1966. He also alleges that he continued smoking for his entire life despite those warnings and the possible health risks associated with cigarettes because of “his nicotine addiction and the contrary publicity generated by Defendants and organizations which they created and supported.”

Bougopoulos alleges that the defendants made several misrepresentations throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s about the health risks related to smoking cigarettes and the addictive properties of nicotine. He further alleges that the defendants manipulated the nicotine in their cigarettes to make the cigarettes more addictive.

In March 2011, Bougopoulos was diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (“COPD”). He alleges that COPD “is caused by noxious particles or gas from tobacco smoking which triggers an abnormal inflammatory response in the lung.” Bougopoulos alleges that because of his COPD, he can no longer work or travel, and requires an oxygen tank to help him breathe.

Standard of Review

When considering a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court must determine whether the facts alleged, when taken as true and in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, state a claim on which relief can be granted. Rederford v. U.S. Airways, Inc., 589 F.3d 30, 35 (1st Cir.2009). Under the notice pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a plaintiff need provide only a short and plain statement that provides enough facts “ ‘to raise a right to relief above the speculative level Ocasio-Hemandez v. Fortuno-Burset, 640 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir.2011) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). The court takes the well-pled allegations as true, views all of the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and determines whether the complaint alleges facts to support a claim “that is plausible on its face.” Downing v. Globe Direct LLC, 682 F.3d 18, 22 (1st Cir.2012) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

Discussion

Bougopoulos brings the following claims: Count I — “Products Liability — Strict Liability”; Count II — “Products Liability— Misrepresentation'by Seller of Chattels to Consumer”; Count III — “Products Liability — Supply of Chattels Unlikely to be Made Safe for Use”; Count IV — “Negligence”; Count V — “Negligent Misrepresentation”; Count VI — “Fraudulent Misrepresentation/ Deceit”; Count VII— “New Hampshire Consumer Protection Act RSA Chapter 358-A et seq”; anCount VIII — “Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(a)(b)(c) and (d); 1964(a); 1964(c).” The defendants move to dismiss Counts I, II, III, IV, VII, and VIII.

A. Count I — Products Liability — Strict Liability

New Hampshire follows the Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 402A, for strict liability. Kelleher v. Marvin Lumber & Cedar Co., 152 N.H. 813, 824, 891 A.2d 477 (2005). “Under the doctrine of strict liability, one who sells any product in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property is subject to liability for physical harm thereby caused to the ultimate user or consumer.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

“ ‘[T]he basis of any claim involving products liability [ ] is an allegation of a defect associated with the product, which makes the product unreasonably dangerous, and causes the injury for which recovery is sought.’ ” Buckingham v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 142 N.H., 822, 825-26, 713 A.2d 381 (1998) (quoting Gianitsis v. Am. Brands, Inc., 685 F.Supp. 853, 856 (D.N.H.1988)). In other words, to maintain a claim for strict products liability, a plaintiff must show that a defect in the product caused the product to be unreasonably dangerous and caused the plaintiffs injury. See Buckingham, 142 N.H. at 826, 713 A.2d 381 (“ ‘The rule stated in [§ 402A] applies only where the defective condition of the product makes it unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer.’ ”) (quoting § 402A cmt. i); see also Gianitsis, 685 F.Supp. at 857 (“[A] claimant must establish that it is a product’s defective condition which causes the product to be unreasonably dangerous.”).

A plaintiff cannot maintain a strict liability claim against cigarette manufac turers based on allegations that all cigarettes are inherently defective. See Buckingham, 142 N.H. at 826, 713 A.2d 381; see also § 402A cmt. i (“Good tobacco is not unreasonably dangerous merely because the effects of smoking may be harmful; but tobacco containing something like marijuana may be unreasonably dangerous.”). Instead, a plaintiff must “allege that something is wrong with the” defendant’s cigarettes. Buckingham, 142 N.H. at 826, 713 A.2d 381.

The defendants argue that Bougopoulos’s strict products liability claim fails for several reasons. They argue that nicotine is found in every cigarette and is naturally addictive, and, therefore, manipulated nicotine designed to enhance addiction cannot be considered a product defect. They further argue that even if manipulated nicotine could be considered a product defect, Bougopoulos has not alleged that the manipulated nicotine itself made the cigarettes unreasonably dangerous or caused his injury. The defendants further contend that the claim is preempted by federal law.

1. Product defect

The defendants concede that Bougopoulos “has superficially pled an alleged defect” by alleging that the defendants’ cigarettes “contained manipulated nicotine.” Defts. Mot. to Dismiss at 7. They also argue, however, that an allegation of manipulated nicotine cannot be the basis of a design defect in a strict products liability action. The defendants cite Pooshs v. Philip Morris USA Inc., 904 F.Supp.2d 1009 (N.D.Cal.2012) and Johnson v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 345 F.Supp.2d 16 (D.Mass.2004), in support of them argument.

In Pooshs, the plaintiff brought a defective design claim against certain cigarette manufacturers, alleging that the defendants’ cigarettes were defectively designed because they contained manipulated nicotine. The court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to the defective design claim, holding that “the plaintiff has not met her . burden of showing, through admissible evidence, that it was the particular design of defendants’ cigarettes that caused her lung cancer.” Pooshs, at 1025.

In Johnson, the plaintiff brought a defective design claim against a cigarette manufacturer alleging that the defendant “manipulated the nicotine levels of its cigarettes in a manner that would be sufficient to create and sustain an addiction.” Johnson, 345 F.Supp.2d at 19 (internal quotation marks omitted). The court granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment because the plaintiffs expert’s “declarations [were] utterly devoid of particulars concerning the methods, levels or effects or any enhancements or manipulations” to the nicotine. Id. at 20. The court further held that the plaintiff “failed to demonstrate how manipulation of nicotine levels could be considered a design defect” because smokers would adjust their smoking to receive the desired dose.

Neither Pooshs nor Johnson supports the defendants’ argument that manipulated nicotine cannot be considered a design defect for a strict products liability claim. The courts in Pooshs and Johnson granted the defendants’ motions for summary judgment because the plaintiffs had failed to provide sufficient evidence to support their claims. A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and a motion for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, however, seek different remedies based on different standards. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6); Fed.R.Civ.P. 56; see also Trans-Spec Truck Serv., Inc. v. Cat erpillar Inc., 524 F.3d 315, 321 (1st Cir.2008) (discussing differences). The court in Johnson discussed the differences between the two standards when distinguishing a case that allowed a similar products liability claim to survive a motion to dismiss. See Johnson, 345 F.Supp.2d at 21-22 (discussing how Herlihy v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 1988 WL 73434 (D.Mass. June 27, 2008), is “inapplicable because it dealt with a motion to dismiss ... where the issue was the sufficiency of the allegation .... [as opposed to] [h]ere, on a motion for summary judgment, the issue is whether Johnson has elicited evidence in support of his (properly alleged) claims of design defect”).

Bougopoulos alleges that the defendants manipulated the nicotine in their cigarettes, which is a product defect separate from an allegation that cigarettes as a whole are inherently dangerous. See, e.g., Evans v. Lorillard Tobacco Co., 30 Mass. L. Rptr. 207, 2011 WL 7860228, at *22 (Mass.Super. Sept. 6, 2011) (“[B]ased on my findings concerning the defendant’s manipulation of nicotine and the carcinogenicity of cigarettes ... I conclude that Newport cigarettes contain at least two design defects .... ”); see also Johnson, 845 F.Supp.2d at 20-21 (“The law requires a showing that the specific cigarettes consumed by the smoker were defective. It need be shown that the cigarettes deviated from the norm in some untold way.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Varney v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 118 F.Supp.2d 63, 70 (D.Mass.2000) (dismissing products liability claim because “the plaintiffs claim is that all cigarettes are unreasonably dangerous, not that the defendants’ cigarettes were, because of some unique feature of design, more dangerous than others”). This assertion is sufficient to allege a product defect at this stage of the proceedings. See e.g., Johnson v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 122 F.Supp.2d 194, 205 (D.Mass.2000) (“the standard for pleading deviation from the norm for [cigarettes] in a defective design case is [not] stringent”); see also King v. Philip Morris, Inc., 2000 WL 34016358, at *7-*8 (N.H.Sup.Ct. Nov. 2, 2000) (“The plaintiffs strict liability claim is reasonably susceptible of a construction that would permit recovery to the extent it is based on an allegation that the defendants manipulated their product to make it more harmful or addictive than plain tobacco.”); Kyte v. Philip Morris Inc., 408 Mass. 162, 171, 556 N.E.2d 1025 (Mass. 1990) (allowing products liability claim to go forward because it alleged that defendant’s cigarettes were particularly carcinogenic and addictive without alleging that all cigarettes were inherently defective).

2. Causal connection

The defendants argue that even if manipulated nicotine could be considered a product defect, Bougopoulos has not alleged that the manipulated nicotine made the cigarettes unreasonably dangerous or caused his COPD. They contend that Bougopoulos alleges that all cigarettes have disease-causing characteristics, including those that caused his COPD, and, therefore, the alleged manipulated nicotine did not cause the defendants’ cigarettes to be unreasonably dangerous or cause his COPD.

The defendants are correct that Bougopoulos does not allege that the properties of the manipulated nicotine themselves cause diseases. Bougopoulos alleges, however, that “smoking related diseases are dose dependent that is, each and every exposure to cigarette smoke increases the risk of disease.” Compl. § 6. He further alleges “[t]he likelihood of developing COPD increases with age and cumulative smoke exposure, and almost all life-long smokers will develop COPD, provided that smoking-related, extrapulmonary diseases (cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer) do not claim their lives beforehand.” Id. at § 7.

Bougopoulos alleges that he was a lifelong smoker from the time he was thirteen years old, in part due to the defendants’ manipulation of nicotine which made their cigarettes more addictive. See id. at § 28. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Bougopoulos, he has alleged that the product defect, manipulated nicotine, caused him to remain addicted to cigarettes and become a life-long smoker, which in turn led to his COPD. See, e.g., DeLuca v. Liggett & Myers, Inc., 2003 WL 1798940, at *9 (N.D.Ill. Apr. 4, 2003) (plaintiff “must also establish that the particular defect that she identified-cigarettes’ addictive quality-was the proximate cause of [the decedent’s] injury .... a theory that addiction is what really kills”). Therefore, he has alleged a sufficient causal connection to survive a motion to dismiss. See Szulik v. State Street Bank and Trust Co., 935 F.Supp.2d 240, 2013 WL 1301064, at *23 (D.Mass. Mar.25, 2013) (“Ordinarily, questions of causation are appropriately handled at summary judgment or trial, not on a motion to dismiss.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

3. Preemption

The defendants also argue that Bougopoulos’s strict liability claim is preempted by federal law because “Congress ... has foreclosed the removal of tobacco products from the market.” FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 137, 120 S.Ct. 1291, 146 L.Ed.2d 121 (2000). They contend that “[t]he imposition of damages based upon the inherent dangers of cigarettes would conflict with this congressional intent by leading to a de facto ban on cigarettes.” Defts. Mot. to Dismiss at 13 (citing Conley v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Corp., 286 F.Supp.2d 1097, 1109 (N.D.Cal.2002) and Liggett Group, Inc. v. Davis, 973 So.2d 467, 472-73 (Fla. 4th DCA2007)).

If Bougopoulos had asserted liability based on the inherent dangerous characteristics of cigarettes, the claim may have been preempted. See Cruz Vargas v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 218 F.Supp.2d 109, 118 (D.P.R.2002) (“[T]o the extent that Plaintiffs seek to impose tort liability against Defendant Reynolds merely for manufacturing and selling cigarettes, we find Plaintiffs’ claims to be preempted.”); but see Richardson v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 578 F.Supp.2d 1073, 1077 (E.D.Wis.2008) (“Congress clearly intended to protect the national economy from the burden imposed by diverse, nonuniform, and confusing cigarette labeling and advertising regulations, but did not clearly intend to extend broad immunity from common law liability to cigarette manufacturers.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As discussed above, however, Bougopoulos’s strict liability claim alleges a defect due to the defendants’ manipulation of nicotine, not the inherent characteristics of cigarettes. Therefore, Bougopoulos’s strict liability claim is not preempted by federal law. See, e.g., Conley, 286 F.Supp.2d at 1107 (“If, however, in this action liability is imposed based on a design defect in the cigarettes that is scientifically and commercially feasible to remove from the cigarettes that the decedent smoked, plaintiffs’ claims will not be preempted because imposing liability would not be tantamount to a ban on tobacco products.”).1

Accepting as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in Bougopoulos’s favor, he has sufficiently alleged a claim for strict products liability. Whether Bougopoulos has any evidentiary support for his strict liability allegations is a separate issue, one that is better addressed in a motion for summary judgment rather than a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.

B. Count II — Products Liability■ — Misrepresentation by Seller of Chattels to Consumer

Bougopoulos’s products liability claim in Count II appears to be based on § 402B of the Restatement (Second) of Torts.2 Section 402B provides:

One engaged in the business of selling chattels who, by advertising, labels, or otherwise, makes to the public a misrepresentation of a material fact concerning the character or quality of a chattel sold by him is subject to liability for physical harm to a consumer of the chattel caused by justifiable reliance upon the misrepresentation, even though: (a) it is not made fraudulently or negligently, and (b) the consumer has not bought the chattel from or entered into any contractual relation with the seller.

Thus, “[sjection 402B addresses ... an affirmative representation of material fact regarding the character or quality of the product and requires the plaintiffs reliance on the representations.” English v. Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd., 1997 WL 428565, at *7 (10th Cir. July 30, 1997).3

“[UJnlike ... fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims, a ‘strict liability’ product misrepresentation claim such as the one articulated in Section 402B of the Restatement would not require proof of either actual or constructive knowledge, though it would still require proof of reliance.” Herzog v. Arthrocare Corp., 2003 WL 1785795, at *15 (D.Me. Mar. 21, 2003). “Section 402B would impose liability even for ‘innocent’ misrepresentations.” Id.

The defendants argue that New Hampshire has not adopted § 402B and does not provide a cause of action based on an innocent misrepresentation. In his objection, Bougopoulos argues that the defendants “incorrectly state that Count Two of Plaintiffs Complaint is an ‘innocent’ misrepresentation claim .... This is simply not the case. A reading of Plaintiffs Compliant [sic] will indicate that the Defendants made misrepresentations which were anything but innocent .... Plaintiff submits that he has alleged the requisite states of mind of negligence and intentional misrepresentation.” Pl.’s Obj. at 16.

In addition to Bougopoulos’s products liability misrepresentation claim in Count II, he has also brought separate claims for negligent misrepresentation (Count V) and fraudulent misrepresentation (Count VI) based on the same statements. The defendants have not moved to dismiss either Count V or Count VI. Therefore, because Bougopoulos bases his claim in Count II on alleged negligent and intentional misrepresentations, his claim in Count II is redundant and should be dismissed to avoid confusing repetition of the same claims.4 See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f); 2 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 12.37[3] (2003). Accordingly, Count II is dismissed.

C. Count III and Count VI — Negligence

Bougopoulos’s claim in Count III, titled “Products Liability — Supply of Chattels Unlikely to be Made Safe for Use,” is based on § 389 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Although Bougopoulos labels Count III a products liability claim, “[sjection 389 is a negligence provision governing the liability of suppliers under Chapter 14, topic 1 of the Restatement.” Buckingham, 142 N.H. at 828, 713 A.2d 381.5 “[U]nder section 389, liability is imposed only when it is shown that the supplier knew, or should have known, that the chattel supplied is unsafe for its expected use and then a duty is owed only to those who are foreseeably endangered and either ignorant of the chattel’s dangerous propensities, or otherwise not chargeable with a positive balance of fault.” Id. (internal citations omitted). Bougopoulos also brings a separate claim for negligence in Count IV, based on the same allegations.

The defendants argue that Bougopoulos’s negligence claims are based on allegations that cigarettes are an inherently dangerous product, which, they contend, is not an actionable negligence claim in New Hampshire. The defendants also argue that the § 389 claim fails because § 389 is limited to bystanders and does not apply to direct purchasers of products like Bougopoulos. Although § 389 can apply to bystanders, see § 389 cmt. e, it is “simply a statement of basic negligence principles of foreseeability and fault in the supplier context.” Buckingham, 142 N.H. at 828, 713 A.2d 381. Therefore, the court addresses Counts III and IV together.

Bougopoulos’s negligence claims are based on allegations that the defendants:

marketed and sold cigarettes to Plaintiff which they knew contained poisonous substances capable of causing and likely to cause numerous serious injuries and diseases, including but not limited to, COPD and which they knew or should have known contained habit-forming and addictive substances capable of and likely to induce irresistible habits and/or physical and psychological dependence and addiction.6

Compl. § 41. In his opposition to the defendants’ motion to dismiss, Bougopoulos contends that his negligence claim is not based on the inherently dangerous nature of cigarettes, but instead on the alle gations that “Defendants designed their products with the specific intent of creating an addiction to a harmful product .... [and they] undertook to make representations about the safety of their products.” Pl.’s Obj. at 24-25.

Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Bougopoulos, he has alleged a negligence claim based on the defendants’ manipulation of the nicotine in their cigarettes. Therefore, for the same reasons that support his products liability claim in Count I, Bougopoulos’s allegations of negligence based on the defendants’ manipulation of nicotine state a claim. See Guilbeault v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 84 F.Supp.2d 263, 268 (D.R.I.2000) (“The elements of a section 402A claim and a negligence claim based on a product defect overlap significantly, with the negligence claim having the additional requirement that the defendant knew or had reason to know ... that [the product] was defective in any manner.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To the extent Bougopoulos’s allegations suggest a negligence claim based on the inherent dangers of smoking cigarettes, that claim is dismissed.7

Accordingly, the defendants motion to dismiss Count III is denied to the extent that Count III is based on the defendants’ alleged manipulation of nicotine. Because Count IV is also a negligence claim and is based on the same allegations as those that support Count III, Count IV is redundant and should be dismissed to avoid confusing repetition of the same claims. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f).

D. Count VII — New Hampshire Consumer Protection Act

Bougopoulos alleges that the defendants violated New Hampshire’s Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”), RSA 358-A2, by making misrepresentations about the risks and addictive nature of their cigarettes, and by designing their cigarettes to be addictive. The defendants argue that Bougopoulos’s CPA claim fails under the exempt transactions provision of the statute, RSA 358-A:2(IV-a), based on the effect of the applicable statute of limitations, RSA 508:4.

RSA 358-A:2 states that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to use any unfair method of competition or any unfair or deceptive act or practice in the conduct of any trade or commerce within this state.” “[Section] 358-A:3(IV-a) exempts from the CPA any claim involving a transaction that occurred more than three years before the date on which the plaintiff knew or should have known of its wrongful nature.” Lehane v. Wachovia Mortg., FSB, 2013 WL 1637166, at *3 n. 5 (D.N.H. Apr. 16, 2013). “The burden of proving exemptions from the provisions of this chapter by reason of paragraph ] ... IV-a of [RSA 358-A] shall be upon the person claiming the exemption.” RSA 358-A:3 (V).

In addition, “section 508:4, I’s general statute of limitations [applies] to [a] plaintifff’s] Consumer Protection Act claim.” Forrester Envtl. Servs., Inc. v. Wheelabrator Tech., Inc., 2011 WL 6300536, at *8 n. 10 (D.N.H. Dec. 16, 2011), vacated on other grounds, 715 F.3d 1329 (Fed.Cir.2013). “Under the statute, the limitations period on the plaintiffs’ claims began running when they ‘[discovered, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered, the injury and its causal relationship to the act or omission complained of.’ ” Id. at *8 (quoting RSA 508:4).

The defendants argue that the interplay between the three-year statute of limitations and the CPA’s exempt transactions provision requires the dismissal of Bougopoulos’s CPA claim. Specifically, the defendants argue that because the complaint was filed on September 3, 2012, the claim is time-barred unless Bougopoulos did not know or should not have known of the conduct alleged to be in violation of the CPA until after September 3, 2009. The defendants further argue that “the CPA exempts transactions occurring more than three years before September 3, 2009, [and, therefore,] Plaintiff cannot state a claim under the CPA unless he alleges that he was injured by conduct or transactions occurring on or after September 3, 2006.” Defts. Mot. to Dismiss at 18. The defendants contend that Bougopoulos has not alleged any conduct or transactions occurring after September 3, 2006, and, therefore, his claim must be dismissed.

The defendants appear to attempt to conflate the standard under RSA 358-A:3(IV-a) with the standard under RSA 508:14. “[RSA] 358-A:3(IV-a)[, however,] is not a statute of limitations.” Lehane v. Wachovia Mortg., FSB, 2013 WL 1637166, at *3 n. 5. Rather, RSA 358-A:3(IV-a) exempts from the CPA “[t]ransactions entered into more than 3 years prior to the time the plaintiff knew, or reasonably should have known, of the conduct alleged to be in violation of the chapter.” RSA 358-A:3(IV-a). In other words, RSA 358-A:3 focuses on the plaintiffs knowledge of the defendant’s wrongful conduct and RSA 508:4 focuses on the plaintiffs knowledge of his injury and its casual relationship to the defendants’ conduct.

The defendants have not carried their burden of showing that the transactions upon which Bougopoulos relies in support of his CPA claim are exempt under RSA 358-A:3(IV-a). Although Bougopoulos has not specifically identified every misrepresentation or wrongful act that allegedly form the basis for his CPA claim, that does not, standing alone, show that he relies only on exempted transactions to support his claim.8 See, e.g., Sepulveda-Villarini v. Dep’t of Educ. of P.R., 628 F.3d 25, 30 (1st Cir.2010) (a claim is not subject to dismissal at a motion to dismiss stage merely because “other [] undisclosed facts may explain the sequence better.”). Accordingly, the defendants’ motion to dismiss Count VII is denied.

E. Count VIII— Civil RICO

Bougopoulos alleges that the defendants “used the mails, wire, radio and/or television in interstate commerce to misrepresent the harmful and addictive nature of cigarettes with the intention that smokers such as Bougopoulos would rely in this information to their detriment.” Compl. § 64. Bougopoulos alleges that as a result,

(a) he spent money on a product which, unknown to him, was harmful and addictive; (b) he lost income and incurred medical and other expenses due to his Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); (c) he has suffered physically and mentally from his Chronic Obstruc tive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and will continue to suffer for the rest of his life; and (d) he has been damaged in other ways.

Id. The defendants argue that none of Bougopoulos’s alleged injuries is compensable under civil RICO.

The RICO statute creates a cause of action for an individual whose property or business interest has been injured by a defendant’s violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962, which prohibits racketeering activity and conspiring to commit racketeering activity. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c, d), 1964(c). In other words, “only persons who have been injured in their business or property may pursue a civil RICO claim for damages.” Curley v. N. Am. Man Boy Love Ass’n, 2001 WL 1822730, at *4 (D.Mass. Sept. 27, 2001) (citing Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 473 U.S. 479, 105 S.Ct. 3275, 87 L.Ed.2d 346 (1985)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Damages for wrongful death or personal injury are not available under § 1964(c).” Curley, 2001 WL 1822730, at *4 (citing Grogan v. Platt, 835 F.2d 844 (11th Cir.1988)).

Bougopoulos appears to concede in his objection that he can not bring a civil RICO claim to recover money he spent purchasing cigarettes, for medical expenses, or for damages for his physical and mental suffering from having COPD. Therefore, to the extent his RICO claim was based on those injuries, it is dismissed. See Zareas v. Bared-San Martin, 209 Fed.Appx. 1, 1 (1st Cir.2006) (“[C]laims for personal injuries, such as emotional distress, are not ‘business or property’ and are not cognizable under RICO.”); see also Wajda v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 103 F.Supp.2d 29, 38 (D.Mass.2000) (“The only economic harms recounted in the complaint are the accumulated costs of purchasing cigarettes during plaintiffs many years of smoking. While these harms are certainly pecuniary, they are not the sort of economic harms actionable under RICO.”); Atuahene v. Shermet Indus., Inc., 2000 WL 1277933, at *3 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 8, 2000)

Bougopoulos contends that his alleged injury of lost income means that he is seeking damages because he can no longer work. He argues that such an injury is compensable under civil RICO. “[A] loss of income due to an alleged inability to work since becoming afflicted with [a disease] ...., however, is not considered a ‘loss of property’ as required under RICO.”9 Gause v. Philip Morris, 2000 WL 34016343, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 8, 2000); see also Laborers Local 17 Health and Benefit Fund v. Philip Morris, Inc., 191 F.3d 229, 241 (2d Cir.1999) (“RICO causes of action could not be asserted by ... smokers ... because the RICO statute requires an injury to ‘business or property,’ whereas [a] smoker’s injuries are personal in nature.”); Doe v. Roe, 958 F.2d 763, 770 (7th Cir.1992) (“loss of earnings ... reflect personal injuries which are not compensable under RICO”). Accordingly, the defendants are entitled to dismissal of Bougopoulos’s civil RICO claim.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ motion to dismiss (document no. 21) is granted as to Counts II, IV, and VIII. The defendants’ motion is denied as to Count VII, and denied as to Count I and Count III, to the extent that both counts are based on the defendants’ alleged manipulation of nicotine.

SO ORDERED.

Notes

. Because Bougopoulos's claim is not based on the inherent dangers of cigarettes, the court need not decide whether such a claim would be preempted.

. Bougopoulos does not specifically assert that Count II is based on § 402B, but the allegations in Count II largely track the language of that section, which is titled “Misrepresentation By Seller Of Chattels To Consumer.” In addition, Bougopoulos’s arguments in his opposition to the defendants' motion to dismiss regarding Count II focus mainly on § 402B.

. Although Bougopoulos does not label Count II a strict liability claim, "[t]he rule stated in [§ 402B] is one of strict liability for physical harm to the consumer.” § 402B cmt. a.

. Bougopoulos argues that although precedent concerning the availability of a § 402B claim in New Hampshire is lacking, the court should predict that the New Hampshire Supreme Court would recognize such a cause of action. Because Bougopoulos's products liability claim based on § 402B and his claims for negligent misrepresentation and intentional misrepresentation are redundant, the court need not predict whether the New Hampshire Supreme Court would recognize such a claim.

. Section 389 provides: "One who supplies directly or through a third person a chattel for another's use, knowing or having reason to know that the chattel is unlikely to be made reasonably safe before being put to a use which the supplier should expect it to be put, is subject to liability for physical harm caused by such use to those whom the supplier should expect to use the chattel or to be endangered by its probable use, and who are ignorant of the dangerous character of the chattel or whose knowledge thereof does not make them contributorily negligent, although the supplier has informed the other for whose use the chattel is supplied of its dangerous character.”

. These allegations are contained in the paragraphs in Count IV. The allegations in Count III are nearly identical. See Compl. § 37.

. To the extent Bougopoulos argues in his opposition that his negligence claim is based in part on the defendants’ alleged misrepresentations about the safety of cigarettes, that claim is not sufficiently presented in his complaint. Even if Bougopoulos had made such allegations, that part of his negligence claim would be dismissed because it is duplicative of his negligent misrepresentation claim in Count V. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f).

. Although the defendants argue in their reply that Bougopoulos's allegations in support of his CPA claim do not meet the heightened pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), "[tjhis court ordinarily does not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply memorandum and sees no reason to do so here.” Contour Design, Inc. v. Chance Mold Steel Co. Ltd., 2011 WL 1564612, at *6 (D.N.H. Apr. 25, 2011).

. To the extent Bougopoulos argues that Diaz v. Gates, 420 F.3d 897 (9th Cir.2005) (per curiam) supports his argument that a smoker's loss of income due to an inability to work is a property interest under RICO, that case has been called into doubt by numerous other cases and the court is not persuaded by its reasoning. See Evans v. City of Chicago, 434 F.3d 916, 931 n. 26 (7th Cir.2006); Camarillo v. City of Maywood, 2008 WL 4056994, at *2 (C.D.Cal. Aug. 27, 2008).
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