262 S.E.2d 391 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1980
Gladys L. BOST, Administratrix of the Estate of Wade Lee Bost; and Gladys L. Bost, Individually
v.
William J. RILEY, B. L. Rabold, Louis Hamman, and Catawba Memorial Hospital, Inc.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*393 Gaither & Gorham by James M. Gaither, Jr. and J. Samuel Gorham, III, Hickory, for plaintiff-appellant.
Mitchell, Teele, Blackwell & Mitchell by W. Harold Mitchell, Valdese, for defendants-appellees.
WELLS, Judge.
Plaintiff alleges error by the trial court in the admission and exclusion of evidence, the making of prejudicial remarks before the jury, granting defendant Catawba's motion for a directed verdict, charging the jury, and failing to grant plaintiff's motion for a new trial.
Plaintiff assigns as error the trial court's exclusion of testimony of Ed Bost, Lee's father, of the conversation which Mr. Bost allegedly had with Dr. Richard T. Myers after Dr. Myers had performed his first operation on Lee at Baptist Hospital. Bost testified in camera that Dr. Myers had told him that Lee, at that point in time, was just a "mass of infection." Bost said that Dr. Myers commented, "[I]nferior hospitals. . . [w]ould hold patients . . . too long sometimes and then they would send them to him and expect miracles." Bost stated that he believed Dr. Myers was categorizing defendant Catawba Memorial Hospital as one such "inferior hospital." The trial court excluded this testimony. Plaintiff's position is that this comment was admissible for impeachment purposes as to prior inconsistent statement of Dr. Myers. Under our rules of evidence, prior inconsistent statements of a physician are admissible to impeach his testimony. Ballance v. Wentz, 286 N.C. 294, 210 S.E.2d 390 (1974). Dr. Myers, though called by plaintiff, was an adverse and hostile witness, and was therefore subject to impeachment by plaintiff. G.S. 1A-1, Rule 43(b). See also, State v. Anderson, 283 N.C. 218, 195 S.E.2d 561 (1973).
Defendants maintain that since Dr. Myers did not testify whether or not Lee should have been transferred to Baptist Hospital prior to 23 August 1974, this statement was not inconsistent or contradictory to his testimony. We do not agree. Dr. Myers was called by plaintiff as a hostile witness, and testified on cross-examination that the splenectomy was performed well, that defendants' treatment of Lee for acute gastric dilatation was by a good, medically accepted process, and that defendant Rabold ordered the proper blood tests. Dr. Myers further stated that the medication and treatment prescribed and performed by defendants Rabold and Hamman were proper and in keeping with good medical practice, that surgery was not indicated as early as 31 July 1974, and that after the second operation at Catawba, Lee's postoperative management care was in keeping with good medical practice. Dr. Myers testified that sufficient progress notes on Lee's condition were kept at defendant Catawba after the 6 August 1974 operation. *394 In summary, it was Dr. Myers' opinion that all of the treatment which Lee received at defendant Catawba was in keeping with accepted medical practices.
The comments which Dr. Myers allegedly made to Lee's father, however, clearly implied that Lee's treatment at Catawba had left him in such a condition as to require "miracles" to be performed at Baptist and that Lee should have been transferred to Baptist Hospital sooner. This statement stands in direct contradiction to the unfettered stamp of approval Dr. Myers gave at trial to the care Lee received at Catawba. The trial court's failure to admit this testimony was prejudicial to the plaintiff. Plaintiff called only two surgeons as witnesses who were not named defendants in the suit. The testimony of one of these witnesses, Dr. Mandel, was sufficiently favorable to plaintiff to carry the issue of negligence to the jury. The other surgeon to testify who was not a named defendant was Dr. Myers.
Dr. Myers' credentials were impressive. At the time he treated Lee, he was Chairman of the Department of Surgery at Bowman-Gray School of Medicine. He co-authored an authoritative treatise on the surgical aspects of acute abdominal disorders entitled The Acute Abdomen. Dr. Myers examined Lee within a few days of his transfer from Catawba to Baptist. The excluded testimony of Mr. Bost apparently described an initial reaction by Dr. Myers to Lee's condition at the time he was transferred and to the treatment which Lee received at Catawba. Plaintiff's case was unquestionably critically damaged because the jury was prevented from hearing a patently negative statement from Dr. Myers made at the time he was treating Lee, relating to the quality of treatment Lee received at Catawba.
Defendants further argue that the trial court's exclusion of this testimony was proper because plaintiff's counsel was required to lay a foundation for the questions posed to Lee's father, which plaintiff failed to do in the correct manner. We disagree. The rule in North Carolina as to whether a foundation need be laid by first confronting the witness to be impeached with the inconsistent statements is as follows: Where the inconsistent statements relate to a matter which is pertinent and material to the pending inquiry, or which respects the subject matter in regard to which he is examined, the inconsistent statements may be proved by other witnesses without first bringing them to the attention of the main witness. State v. Mack, 282 N.C. 334, 193 S.E.2d 71 (1972); State v. Wellmon, 222 N.C. 215, 22 S.E.2d 437 (1942); 1 Stansbury's N.C. Evidence § 48, pp. 135-140 (Brandis rev. 1973).
We believe that in the present case, the statements which Dr. Myers allegedly made to Lee's father concerning the quality of care offered at Catawba were pertinent and material to whether all or any of the defendant physicians were negligentthe issue central to this lawsuit. Accordingly, plaintiff was not required to afford Dr. Myers an opportunity to deny or explain these statements prior to impeaching him through the testimony of another witness.
Furthermore, even though plaintiff was not required to lay a foundation for her impeachment of Dr. Myers, plaintiff, in fact, did lay an adequate foundation:
[Plaintiff's counsel]: All right, sir. And after the second operation, do you recall saying anything to Mr. Bost to the effect that . . . Lee received poor treatment at Catawba Memorial Hospital?
[Myers]: No, I never said that.
[Plaintiff's counsel]: Do you recall indicating or saying anything or indicating that after the second operation?
[Myers]: No.
The record does not clearly reveal whether the conversation Ed Bost avers he had with Dr. Myers occurred after the first or second operation performed on Lee at Baptist Hospital. However, defendants do not argue on appeal that Dr. Myers may not have been confronted with the proper time at which the conversation allegedly occurred, preventing him from recalling the matter. Instead, defendants maintain that *395 the wording of the above questions posed to Dr. Myers was insufficient to put Dr. Myers on notice about any comments he may have made to Mr. Bost concerning "inferior hospitals." We do not believe that plaintiff's counsel was required to confront Dr. Myers with the identical words Ed Bost attributes to him, as long as Dr. Myers was questioned with language meaning the same thing. Dr. Myers denied saying anything to Ed Bost to the effect that Lee received poor treatment at Catawba Hospital. Mr. Bost's testimony that Dr. Myers had made a statement to him previously to the effect that Catawba was an inferior hospital and that Lee was kept there too long, plainly related to the quality and sufficiency of treatment which Lee received at Catawba. Dr. Myers was thus afforded an adequate opportunity to explain or deny the conversation he allegedly had with Mr. Bost, and Dr. Myers flatly denied the conversation.
Plaintiff also assigns as error the trial court's granting of defendant Catawba's motion for a directed verdict at the close of plaintiff's evidence. Generally, a directed verdict under G.S. 1A-1, Rule 50(a) may be granted only if the evidence is insufficient to justify a verdict for the nonmovant as a matter of law. Arnold v. Sharpe, 296 N.C. 533, 251 S.E.2d 452 (1979).
Plaintiff argues that the evidence it presented at trial was sufficient to withstand defendant Catawba's motion under both the theory of respondeat superior and the doctrine of corporate negligence. Catawba could be found vicariously liable under respondeat superior if the negligence of any of its employees, agents, or servants, acting within the scope of their authority, contributed to Lee's death. Waynick v. Reardon, 236 N.C. 116, 72 S.E.2d 4 (1952). However, because plaintiff's evidence failed to show that the physicians treating Lee were acting as employees, agents, or servants of Catawba, the principle of respondeat superior is inapplicable to this case.
In contrast to the vicarious nature of respondeat superior, the doctrine of "corporate negligence" involves the violation of a duty owed directly by the hospital to the patient. Prior to modern times, a hospital undertook, "only to furnish room, food, facilities for operation, and attendants, and [was held] not liable for damages resulting from the negligence of a physician in the absence of evidence of agency, or other facts upon which the principle of respondeat superior [could have been] applied." Smith v. Duke University, 219 N.C. 628, 634, 14 S.E.2d 643, 647 (1941). In contrast, today's hospitals regulate their medical staffs to a much greater degree and play a much more active role in furnishing patients medical treatment. In abolishing the doctrine of charitable immunity, formerly available to charitable hospitals as a defense to negligence actions in North Carolina, Justice (later Chief Justice) Sharp acknowledged the changed structure of the modern hospital, quoting from Bing v. Thunig, 2 N.Y.2d 656, 666, 163 N.Y.S.2d 3, 11, 143 N.E.2d 3, 8 (1957):
"The conception that the hospital does not undertake to treat the patient, does not undertake to act through its doctors and nurses, but undertakes instead simply to procure them to act upon their own responsibility, no longer reflects the fact. Present-day hospitals, as their manner of operation plainly demonstrates, do far more than furnish facilities for treatment. They regularly employ on a salary basis a large staff of physicians, nurses and internes, as well as administrative and manual workers, and they charge patients for medical care and treatment, collecting for such services, if necessary, by legal action. Certainly, the person who avails himself of `hospital facilities' expects that the hospital will attempt to cure him, not that its nurses or other employees will act on their own responsibility."
Rabon v. Hospital, 269 N.C. 1, 11, 152 S.E.2d 485, 492 (1967).
There has recently been a great deal of discussion about the liability of a hospital for its corporate negligence. See, e. g., Note, The Hospital's Responsibility for its Medical Staff: Prospects for Corporate Negligence in California, 8 Pacific L.J. 141 *396 (1977); Comment, Medical Malpractice Hospital May Be Held Liable for Permitting Incompetent Physician to Operate, 8 Rut.-Cam.L.J. 177 (1976); Payne, Recent Developments Affecting a Hospital's Liability for Negligence of Physicians, 18 S.Texas L.J. 367 (1977); Spero, Vicarious and Direct Corporate Responsibility for Acts of Professional Negligence Committed in a Hospital, 15 Trial 22 (No. 7, July 1979); Southwick, The Hospital's New Responsibility, 17 Clev.-Mar.L.Rev. 146 (1968); Annot., Hospital's Liability for Negligence in Failing to Review or Supervise Treatment Given by Individual Doctor, or to Require Consultation, 14 A.L.R. 3d 873 (1967).
The proposition that a hospital may be found liable to a patient under the doctrine of corporate negligence appears to have its genesis in the leading case of Darling v. Hospital, 33 Ill. 2d 326, 211 N.E.2d 253 (1965), cert. denied, 383 U.S. 946, 86 S. Ct. 1204, 16 L. Ed. 2d 209 (1966). In Darling, the plaintiff broke his leg while playing in a college football game and was seen at the defendant hospital's emergency room by the physician on call. With the assistance of hospital personnel the physician put a plaster cast on the plaintiff's leg. The cast was put on in such a manner as to restrict the blood flow in plaintiff's leg. Plaintiff was in great pain and his toes became swollen and dark in color, and later cold. When the doctor removed the cast two days later much of plaintiff's leg tissue had died and the leg had to be amputated below the knee.
The Supreme Court of Illinois affirmed the jury's finding of negligence on the part of the hospital. The Court held that the jury could have found the hospital was negligent, inter alia, in failing to have a sufficient number of trained nurses attending the plaintiff, failing to require a consultation with or examination by members of the hospital staff, and failing to review the treatment rendered to the plaintiff. Since Darling, the courts of other states have found that a hospital's corporate negligence extends to permitting a physician known to be incompetent to practice at the hospital. Corleto v. Hospital, 138 N.J.Super. 302, 350 A.2d 534 (Super. Ct. Law Div. 1975); Purcell v. Zimbelman, 18 Ariz.App. 75, 500 P.2d 335 (1972); Hospital Authority v. Joiner, 229 Ga. 140, 189 S.E.2d 412 (1972).
While the doctrine of corporate negligence has never previously been either expressly adopted or rejected by the courts of our State, it has been implicitly accepted and applied in a number of decisions. The Supreme Court has intimated that a hospital may have the duty to make a reasonable inspection of equipment it uses in the treatment of patients and remedy any defects discoverable by such inspection. Payne v. Garvey, 264 N.C. 593, 142 S.E.2d 159 (1965). The institution must provide equipment reasonably suited for the use intended. Starnes v. Hospital Authority, 28 N.C.App. 418, 221 S.E.2d 733 (1976). The hospital has the duty not to obey instructions of a physician which are obviously negligent or dangerous. Byrd v. Hospital, 202 N.C. 337, 162 S.E. 738 (1932). We have suggested that a hospital could be found negligent for its failure to promulgate adequate safety rules relating to the handling, storage and administering of medications, Habuda v. Hospital, 3 N.C.App. 11, 164 S.E.2d 17 (1968), or for its failure to adequately investigate the credentials of a physician selected to practice at the facility, Robinson v. Duszynski, 36 N.C.App. 103, 243 S.E.2d 148 (1978).
Since all of the above duties which have been required of hospitals in North Carolina are duties which flow directly from the hospital to the patient, we acknowledge that a breach of any such duty may correctly be termed corporate negligence, and that our State recognizes this as a basis for liability apart and distinct from respondeat superior. If, as our Supreme Court has stated, a patient at a modern-day hospital has the reasonable expectation that the hospital will attempt to cure him, it seems axiomatic that the hospital have the duty assigned by the Darling Court to make a reasonable effort to monitor and oversee the treatment which is prescribed and administered by physicians practicing at the facility.
*397 The plaintiff in the present case has introduced evidence tending to show that the defendant surgeons failed to keep progress notes on Lee's condition for a number of days in succession following the operation of 6 August 1974, in violation of a rule promulgated by Catawba. Catawba took no action against the surgeons for their violation. While this evidence is sufficient to show that Catawba may have violated the duty it owed to Lee to adequately monitor and oversee his treatment, plaintiff has offered no evidence to show that this omission contributed to Lee's death. Where a hospital's breach of duty is not a contributing factor to the patient's injuries, the hospital may not be held liable. Habuda v. Hospital, 3 N.C.App. 11, 164 S.E.2d 17 (1968).
Neither may the previously discussed impeachment testimony of Mr. Bost, which was hearsay, alleging that Dr. Myers called Catawba an "inferior hospital" and that Catawba unreasonably delayed its referral of Lee to Baptist Hospital, be considered substantive evidence of the quality of care administered by Catawba. State v. Mack, 282 N.C. 334, 193 S.E.2d 71 (1972); 1 Stansbury's N.C. Evidence § 46, p. 131 (Brandis rev. 1973). There was also no evidence at trial that Catawba failed to use reasonable care in selecting the defendant surgeons to practice at the hospital. Accordingly, the trial court correctly granted defendant Catawba's motion for a directed verdict. However, as discussed previously, there must be a new trial with respect to the defendant surgeons for the trial court's failure to admit the above testimony as impeachment evidence.
Since plaintiff's other assignments of error are not likely to occur on retrial, we decline to address them here.
As to defendant hospital, affirmed; as to individual defendants,
New trial.
HEDRICK and ROBERT M. MARTIN, JJ., concur.