Beck, J.
I. Plaintiffs proved the purchase of the property by them from a party who held title by purchase from the execution defendants. These transfers were not evidenced by written instruments duly acknowledged and recorded. The plaintiffs introduced evidence tending to establish a delivery' of the property to plaintiffs, and that it had passed into their actual possession.
The court instructed the jury in the language of Revision, Section 2201, Code, Section 1923, which is to the effect that 1 sale of properly: posselsion: recoi a. no sa^e °** Property, where the vendor retains actual possession, is valid against existing cred-R°rs without notice, unless the transaction is witnessed by a written instrument duly acknowledged and filed for record.
The jury were also directed that if “ there was no change of the possession of the property ” upon the. sale by the defendants in attachmént, but it still remained in their actual possession, “ and the defendant had no notice of such sale previous to the levy,” and the transfer by the execution defendants was not acknowledged and recorded, the defendant was entitled to recover. Plaintiffs insist this instruction is erroneous. It is 'in the first place claimed that the expression above quoted, “ if there was no change in the possession of the property,” was calculated to mislead the jury, as they would understand that it was necessary that the property should have been removed to .protect plaintiffs’ rights. But the jury could have had no such understanding, taking the whole instruction together, as they are in plain language informed that the sale would be defeated by the property remaining in the actual possession of the attachment defendants. They could not have understood that a removal was necessary to transfer the possession.
II. The instruction is next objected to on the ground that if defendant had notice, after levy and before sale on execution, 2_. notice: levy. of the transfer of the property, this would ¿efeat his right to hold the property or transfer title by its sale. The language of the statute above refei’red to as having heen copied in the charge to the jury is explicit *106that a sale, unless evidenced in the manner directed, is not “ valid against existing creditors without notice,” where the actual possession remains in the debtor. The right of the creditor attaches upon the levy of the attachment. It is plain that the sale without notice thereof cannot .defeat the levy, otherwise the sale would be valid against the creditor without notice. Allison v. Barrett, 16 Iowa, 278" court="Iowa" date_filed="1864-06-07" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/allison-v-barrett-7092974?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7092974">16 Iowa, 278, and Thomas v. Hillhouse, 17 Iowa, 67" court="Iowa" date_filed="1864-10-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/thomas-v-hillhouse-7093057?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7093057">17 Iowa, 67, cited by plaintiffs’ counsel to support their position, are not in point. In those cases the vendors did not retain actual possession of the property.
III. The court directed the jury in effect that, if the property continued in the same building' where it had been kept 3_ sosSono£Pt°ñe vendor. before' thesale, and there was no change in the or possession of the building which the property of the defendants in the attachment and was in their actual possession, in that case there was no change in the possession of the property, and it should be considered as remaining in the actual possession of the attachment defendants. The instruction is certainly correct. We do not see how the attachment defendants could be regarded as having parted with the actual possession of the property if it remained in their custody as indicated by the instruction, in a building exclusively occupied by them. They would be regarded as holding the actual possessor of the property. Any possession claimed by another could be nothing more than constructive. The facts contemplated by the instruction are such as show there was no change of possession after the alleged sale.
IV. The law conteinplates that there shall be a change of possession — something to indicate the fact of the purchase, 4.-: —: chdill§i6 of possession. the change of ownership of the property by the ^ ^ i- x v •/ claimant. If, therefore, the property be left with the seller, whose relations to it continued unchanged so far as the world may know by the acts of the parties, the possession will be regarded as continuing in him. The absence of acts of control or ownership, on the part of the seller, will not be evidence that the actual possession was-transferred to the pur*107chaser. Instructions asked by plaintiff which are in conflict with this view were properly refused by the court, j
"V. Evidence was introduced against plaintiffs’objection, which tended to show fraud in the sales of the property. It is now insisted that the evidence was not relevant, and was therefore erroneously admitted. But the error, if any there be, was cured by the court instructing the jury that the question of fraud was not before them. ' ^
YI. It is insisted that a question asked of a witness assumes a fact; this may be so, but the fact was stated for no e evidence: lactina1'1 oi question. other purpose than to call the witness’ attention to the subject of his testimony. There was neither error nor prejudice to plaintiffs resulting from this course of examination.
VII. A witness was permitted to state that the defendants in attachment were in the possession of the building in which the 6.-; possession of property. property was found. The evidence is claimed to r v _ , . be incompetent, because it states a conclusion ot law. The objection is not well founded. Possession may be proved as any other fact. It was certainly competent for the witness to state who occupied the building and exercised control over it. Acts of this character constitute possession, as the word is understood in its ordinary use when applied to real property. The witness, in stating that the building was in the possession of the attachment defendants, was understood to testify that it was occupied and controlled by them.
The foregoing discussion disposes of all the questions raised in the arguments of counsel. We find no error in the case.
AFFIRMED.