394 S.E.2d 816 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1990
Richard M. BOOHER and Nancy Ann Brown, Plaintiffs,
v.
William C. FRUE, Ronald K. Payne and Michael Y. Saunders, Defendants.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*818 Morris, Bell and Morris by William C. Morris, Jr., Asheville, for defendants-appellants.
Kennedy Covington Lobdell & Hickman by James E. Walker and James P. Cooney, III, Charlotte, for plaintiffs-appellees.
EAGLES, Judge.
We have narrowed defendant's twenty-five assignments of error and eleven arguments to four categories. First, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motions for directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Second, defendant argues that the trial court made various errors in its instructions to the jury. Third, defendant argues that the trial court made several evidentiary errors. Finally, defendant asserts that the trial court erred in determining that G.S. 84-13 applies to this case. Because defendant's brief failed to argue four of his assignments of error, they are deemed abandoned. App.R. 28(a). After careful review of the proceedings and defendant's arguments, we find no error.
I. Directed Verdict and Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict.
Defendant's first argument is that the trial court erred in denying his directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding the verdict motions. Defendant argues that plaintiffs are bound by their testimony in which they denied the existence of an attorney-client relationship. Defendant also argues that the defendants waived their right to sue since they knew of the fee-splitting arrangement at least one year in advance of the disbursement but accepted their portion of the proceeds. Defendant also argues that the trial court should have directed a verdict in his favor as to any sum in excess of $73,973.16, the amount he received. *819 We disagree and overrule defendant's assignments of error.
The question presented by the defendant's motion for a directed verdict is whether the evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, is sufficient for submission to the jury. Kelly v. International Harvester Co., 278 N.C. 153, 179 S.E.2d 396 (1971). A motion for a directed verdict may properly be granted "only if the evidence is insufficient to justify a verdict for the non-movant as a matter of law." Arnold v. Sharpe, 296 N.C. 533, 537, 251 S.E.2d 452, 455 (1979). The standards for granting a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict are the same as those for granting a directed verdict. Dickinson v. Pake, 284 N.C. 576, 584, 201 S.E.2d 897, 903 (1974).
Defendant initially asserts that the plaintiffs continually and unequivocally testified that they never hired defendant to be their attorney and plaintiffs are bound by their testimony. See Woods v. Smith, 297 N.C. 363, 255 S.E.2d 174 (1979); Cogdill v. Scates, 290 N.C. 31, 224 S.E.2d 604 (1976). Defendant's reliance on the cited cases is misplaced.
In Woods the court stated the general rule that "when a party gives adverse testimony in a deposition or at trial, that testimony should not, in most instances, be conclusively binding on him...." Woods, 297 N.C. at 374, 255 S.E.2d at 181. The court stated that there are two exceptions to this general rule: first, when a party gives unequivocal factual testimony, as in Cogdill, the statements should be treated as binding judicial admissions, id., and second, when there is insufficient evidence to support the plaintiff's allegations, summary judgment or a directed verdict "would in most instances be properly granted against him." Id. This case presents neither of those exceptions. Here, the plaintiffs' testimony was not sufficiently fact-specific but was in response to questions regarding legal conclusions. Additionally, Frue himself testified that when he left with Booher to travel to Texas, he (Frue) felt he was representing Booher. This evidence was sufficient to withstand defendant's motions.
Defendant also argues that plaintiffs waived their right to sue for fraud when they accepted their portion of the Texas litigation proceeds with knowledge of the fee-splitting arrangement between Saunders and Frue. Defendant's argument is without merit and is discussed more thoroughly in Section II.D. below.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in denying a directed verdict in his favor for any amount in excess of the $73,973.16 he received. Assuming arguendo that defendant could be liable to plaintiffs for no more than the amount he actually received, defendant was not prejudiced by the trial court's failure to grant his requested directed verdict; the jury returned a verdict of $61,500.
II. Instructions.
A. First issue: Attorney-client relationship.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in failing to give his proposed instruction on the first issue. The proposed instruction placed on plaintiffs the burden of proof on the issue of whether a relationship of trust and confidence existed between plaintiffs and Frue. The trial court gave a peremptory instruction on this issue. Defendant also argues that even if a peremptory instruction had been proper, the one given was improper since it did not allow the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses. Defendant's arguments are without merit.
When only one inference can be drawn from the evidence, a peremptory instruction may be given in favor of the party with the burden of proof. Cutts v. Casey, 278 N.C. 390, 418, 180 S.E.2d 297, 312 (1971); Chisholm v. Hall, 255 N.C. 374, 376-77, 121 S.E.2d 726, 728 (1961). A correct peremptory instruction informs the jury that they should answer the issue as specified if they find from the greater weight of the evidence that the facts are as all the evidence tends to show. The court should also inform the jury that if they do not so find they should answer the issue in *820 the opposite manner. The court must leave to the jury the decision on the issue. The evidence in this case, if believed by the jury, proves the existence of an attorney-client relationship between plaintiffs and Frue. On this record the trial court correctly gave a peremptory instruction on the first issue.
Defendant also argues that the instruction given was incorrect. The trial court instructed the jury that:
[T]he first issue reads as follows: "At the time of the transactions relating to the death of the plaintiffs' son, did a relationship of trust and confidence exist between the plaintiffs and the defendant Frue?" Now, on this issue the burden of proof is on the plaintiffs. Now, when a relationshipwhen the relationship between two people is such that one is entitled to place special trust and confidence in the other, if there is a transaction between them, even in the absence of intentional fraud or deception, there is a presumption that the transaction was induced by fraud or undue influence on the part of the person in whom the trust and confidence was placed. A client is entitled to place such trust and confidence in his attorney as to any transaction in respect to a matter within the client/attorney relationship.
Now, the plaintiffs in this case have offered evidence which tends to show that the defendant Frue, a member of the North Carolina State Bar Association [sic], accompanied the Plaintiff Booher to Houston, Texas to retain a Texas lawyer for the purpose of bringing claims or lawsuits for damages arising from the death of the plaintiffs' son. Now, the defendant Frue has offered evidence that he was retained to represent the plaintiff Booher in connection with the transaction, and that the matter was in his hands. Now, in connection with the first issue, members of the jury, since all the evidence tends to show a relationship of trust and confidence, the Court instructs you that if you believe the evidence, your answer to Issue No. 1 should be "yes."
Now, the second issue reads as follows and by the way, members of the jury, if you answer Issue No. 1 "yes," you should then proceed to answer the second issue. If you answer Issue No. 1 "no," you would return to the courtroom.
Defendant argues that the trial court's instruction was not a proper peremptory instruction but was a directed verdict. We disagree. The trial court stated in his instruction that "if you believe the evidence" the answer to the first issue would be "yes." Additionally, the court had properly instructed the jury on the burden of proof and credibility of witnesses.
B. Second issue: Fraudulent practice.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in submitting the second issue relating to fraudulent practice to the jury. Defendant argues that both the wording on the issue sheet and the instructions given were improper. We disagree with defendant's arguments and overrule his assignments of error.
The second issue submitted to the jury was as follows: "Did defendant, Frue, commit a fraudulent practice by a breach of that relationship of trust and confidence?" Defendant asserts that the wording of the second issue was "an obvious attempt to place Plaintiffs in a position to use the provisions of NCGS 84-13...." However, defendant makes no argument regarding any impropriety in plaintiffs attempting to take advantage of this statutory provision. Instead, defendant's argument is that there is no way to determine whether the jury awarded damages based on constructive trust, unjust enrichment or because defendant received an excessive fee for the work performed. Defendant's argument is misplaced. The statute provides for double damages when a plaintiff is injured by a fraudulent practice of an attorney. The jury clearly found that defendant committed a fraudulent practice.
Defendant's second argument relating to the second issue is that there was no instruction defining a "fraudulent practice" and the court erred in failing to instruct the jury that contingent fee arrangements *821 are legal. The trial court instructed the jury that if they found: (1) a fiduciary relationship; and (2) the transaction was not open, fair and honest, then constructive fraud would have occurred. This was a sufficient definition of a "fraudulent practice." Additionally, the legality of contingent fees is irrelevant to the second issue. Plaintiffs cause of action was not based on the illegality of contingent fees but the plaintiffs' lack of knowledge of and consent to Frue's agreement with Saunders.
C. Third issue: Theories of recovery.
Defendant asserts that the instructions given on the third issue improperly submitted alternative bases for plaintiffs' recovery: "damages recovery" (compensation for plaintiffs' loss) or "restitution recovery" (unjust enrichment). We find no error in the court's instruction. It is clear that plaintiffs' recovery was based on defendant's breach of fiduciary duty. Imposition of a constructive trust (i.e., recovery in restitution or for unjust enrichment) is one possible remedy available to plaintiffs for defendant's breach of fiduciary duty. Damages is an alternative remedy. See Speight v. Branch Banking and Trust Co., 209 N.C. 563, 566, 183 S.E. 734, 736 (1936). Defendant does not argue that the jury improperly allowed plaintiffs a double recovery, one for "damages" and one for "restitution."
D. Estoppel.
Defendant's final argument regarding the trial court's instructions involves the issue of estoppel. Defendant asserts that there was evidence from which the jury could find that plaintiffs waived their right to sue. Specifically, defendant asserts that plaintiffs' acceptance of the proceeds from the various claims of their son's estate, with full knowledge of the fee-splitting agreement between the attorneys, raises an issue of estoppel. The principles of estoppel do not apply here.
As related to the party claiming the [equitable] estoppel, the essential elements are (i) lack of knowledge and the means of knowledge of the truth of the facts in question; (ii) reliance upon the conduct of the party to be estopped; and (iii) action based on this conduct which changes his position prejudicially.
Five Oaks Homeowners Assoc., Inc. v. Efirds Pest Control Co., 75 N.C.App. 635, 636, 331 S.E.2d 296, 297-98 (1985). "Equity does not estop one from asserting his legal rights to enable another to make a profit which he could not otherwise obtain." Herring v. Volume Merchandise, Inc., 252 N.C. 450, 453, 113 S.E.2d 814, 816 (1960). At the time of disbursement of funds, defendant Frue knew of plaintiffs' dissatisfaction with the referral fee arrangement. Frue did not rely on plaintiffs' actions and did not change his own position to his prejudice based on their actions. Accordingly, defendant's assignment of error is overruled.
III. Admission of Evidence.
A. Contacts with other attorneys.
Defendant argues that testimony regarding contacts and conversations of plaintiffs with other attorneys was irrelevant and served only to prejudice defendant, creating the impression that defendant was "ambulance chasing." Defendant also argues that the statements were inadmissible hearsay. This testimony was offered to show plaintiffs' state of mind, not the truth of the matters asserted and is therefore not hearsay. Additionally, the testimony was relevant to show the plaintiffs' understanding of their need to hire Texas legal counsel. Defendant's argument is without merit.
B. Disciplinary Rules 2-106 and 2-107.
Defendant asserts that the introduction into evidence of North Carolina Disciplinary Rules 2-106 and 2-107 was error. Defendant argues that the Rules were irrelevant to this proceeding since the Rules do not define the standards for civil liability. Although we agree with defendant's argument that a violation of a Rule of Professional Conduct does not constitute civil liability per se, we disagree that the substance of those Rules was irrelevant here. The Rules are some evidence of an *822 attorney's duty to his client. See Klassette v. Mecklenburg County Area Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Authority, 88 N.C.App. 495, 364 S.E.2d 179 (1988) (voluntary policies and procedures adopted by health care facility are some evidence of standard of care); Slade v. New Hanover County Bd. of Educ., 10 N.C.App. 287, 178 S.E.2d 316, cert. denied, 278 N.C. 104, 179 S.E.2d 453 (1971) (voluntarily adopted safety standards to protect the public are some evidence that a reasonably prudent person would adhere to their requirements).
Defendant also asserts that Texas law governs here since the contract to split the fee was entered in Texas, not North Carolina. In Texas, subject to certain restrictions and contrary to the North Carolina Rules, referral fee agreements between attorneys are not unethical. Defendant's argument is without merit. It is uncontradicted that the attorney-client relationship between plaintiffs and Frue, a North Carolina lawyer, was entered into in North Carolina. Accordingly, the North Carolina Rules of Professional Conduct apply.
C. Hypothetical questions.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred by allowing plaintiffs' counsel to read to the jury portions of Saunders' deposition. The portions of the transcript on which defendant bases this argument read as follows:
Q "Well, had the subject [the referral fee] been brought up in Mr. Booher's presence, you said you would have been willing to discuss it, right?
A Right.
Q Had it been brought up"
* * * * * *
Q Had it been brought up in his presence and had he objected to Mr. Frue and Payne receiving one-third of your fee, but instead, suggested that since you were willing to do it for two-thirds of the fee, would you do it for that amount and let him get satisfied with Mr. Frue and Mr. Payne?
* * * * * *
A "I would have looked over at the lawyers and asked them if they were going to be able to work that out with Mr. Boo (sic) that wayBooher that way so that they got paid satisfactorily, and I would have considered doing that since I would be giving up the same third as I otherwise would. So long as the lawyers that brought me the case were satisfied they were being paid what they should be paid, I would have discussed that."
* * * * * *
Q "Of course, Mr. Frue didn't ask you to do that, did he?
A No.
Q Mr. Payne didn't ask you to do that, did he?
A No.
* * * * * *
Q "And when you're talking about being your stock answer being `no' to the question of whether you would reduce the contingent fee basis, of course, in that `no' answer you already realize that you're only getting two-thirds of a-third at that time, since there is a referring attorney there; isn't that correct?"
A "Yes. When I was talking about one-third, the one-third I say is my stock contract, and my stock answer presumes that there may come out of that a referral fee in my normal dealings ... in the community. Some cases I don't pay a referral fee because I get them direct from the client, but that, obviously, my one-third, if there's a referral involved, there's money coming out of that one-third.
* * * * * *
Q But had there been no referral fee in this situation, you certainly may have considered very favorably taking it for less than a-third, since you didn't have to pay a referral fee; isn't that true?"
* * * * * *
A "Well, under the circumstances you've previously described where *823 they're all sitting there and the lawyers actually know or are satisfied that they're being taken care of with whatever arrangement they make with the client, separate and apart from me, if they're satisfied with that, then I would not be losing anything by taking it for the same two-thirds of one-third that I was already willing to contract for."
At trial, defendant asserted that the questions asked were too hypothetical and speculative to be admissible. Here, defendant asserts that the answers are inadmissable lay opinion under G.S. 8C-1, Rule 701. Defendant argues that Rule 701 "is generally stated to stand for the proposition that a lay witness may not testify in answer to hypothetical questions, especially those based on circumstances which are not in evidence." These questions were asked to rebut defendant's argument that plaintiffs were not damaged by the fee-splitting arrangement since Saunders' "stock contract" was to receive one-third. Additionally, there was some evidence presented by defendant that Booher was present when the fee-splitting arrangement was discussed. Therefore, there is some basis in the evidence for the hypothetical question. We find no merit in defendant's argument and overrule this assignment of error.
D. Pleadings.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in denying his request to admit a particular paragraph of plaintiffs' complaint and a corresponding answer of Saunders. Defendant asserts that the pleadings in question show Saunders' bias and its introduction was to impeach the credibility of his deposition testimony. In Saunders' answer he asserts he is entitled to the amounts paid to Payne and Frue if plaintiffs prevail in their action. Assuming arguendo that the trial court erred in sustaining plaintiffs' objection, defendant has failed to show how he was prejudiced by the court's ruling. Defendant had the opportunity to question Saunders on this matter in his deposition and apparently failed to take advantage of that opportunity. On this record we see no prejudice to defendants from the trial court's refusal to admit a portion of the complaint and Saunders' answer.
E. Rebuttal.
Defendant's final argument regarding the introduction of evidence is that the trial court erred in allowing rebuttal evidence from plaintiff Brown about payments made to Saunders. Defendant asserts that the rebuttal testimony was outside the scope of previously admitted evidence. Defendant failed to assert this basis when objecting at trial and therefore cannot argue that basis on appeal. Additionally, defendant argues that the testimony was hearsay. Defendant's argument is without merit. The evidence was offered to rebut defendant's evidence that certain fees had been paid by Frue and Payne out of their portion of the fees, not to prove the truth of the statements made to Mrs. Brown. Therefore, the evidence was not inadmissible hearsay.
IV. Applicability of G.S. 84-13.
Defendant's final argument is that the trial court erred in determining that G.S. 84-13 is applicable to the facts of this case. Defendant asserts that G.S. 84-13 is in derogation of the common law and, since it is a statute that imposes penalties, it must be strictly construed. Therefore, defendant argues that the statute applies only to cases of actual fraud, not constructive fraud by breach of a fiduciary duty. Defendant's argument is without merit. When an attorney breaches the duty owed to his client, there is a presumption of fraud. The statute does not limit its applicability to cases of actual fraud. We note that G.S. 84-13 has been held to apply in a case of constructive fraud in a bankruptcy proceeding. See Ehlenbeck v. Patton (In re Patton), 58 B.R. 149, 150 (W.D.N.C. 1986) (where attorney allegedly embezzled a client's funds and thereafter filed a petition in bankruptcy, court determined that "when an attorney mishandles client funds, there is a presumption of fraud as a matter of law. N.C.G.S. § 84-13 applies.").
Defendant also asserts that it is impossible to tell whether damages were awarded on the basis of constructive fraud, unjust enrichment or that the fee received was *824 excessive. The jury found that Frue had engaged in a fraudulent practice. This is sufficient to invoke the provisions of G.S. 84-13.
For the reasons stated, we find no error in the trial court.
No error.
WELLS and GREENE, JJ., concur.