949 P.2d 735 | Or. Ct. App. | 1997
Plaintiff is the owner of Government Lot 1, Section 9, Township 18 South, Range 12 West in Lane County (Lot 1). When it was originally surveyed in 1878, the western boundary of Lot 1 was partly on the northeast bank of the mouth of the Siuslaw River and partly on the Pacific Ocean. In this action, plaintiff seeks to quiet title to a large amount of land that has developed west of Lot 1 since the original survey (the new land). Plaintiff took defaults against all defendants except the state. The state asserts that the land in issue first arose on state-owned tidelands west of Lot 1. As a result, the state argues, the new land did not accrete to Lot 1 and plaintiff has no title to it. After a trial, the court determined that it could not decide how the land had formed and that plaintiff, therefore, had failed to carry his burden of proof. Plaintiff appeals; we review de novo, ORS 19.125(3), and affirm the judgment.
The facts of this case involve events that occurred a century ago and that were not the focus of anyone’s attention when they happened. Much of the relevant evidence comes from maps and other materials that were produced for purposes only tangentially related to the issues before us. Resolving the factual issues requires us to consider both the scientific question of how land generally forms on the ocean shore and the historical question of what happened in this specific case. We have carefully reviewed the record, including the testimony and the related exhibits, and find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the following facts are correct. An exhaustive discussion of the reasons for our findings would be of no benefit to the parties, the bench, or the bar. For that reason, we state our findings without elaboration except for one or .two crucial points.
In 1878, the time of the official survey, the main channel of the river followed a bluff that ran north and northwest along the river’s mouth and, thereafter, ran along and parallel to the ocean. The main channel met the ocean at a point along the western edge of Lot 1, which was at the eastern edge of the area over which it normally wandered. The permanent dry land on the opposite bank of the river ended at the southerly limit of the river’s normal wanderings, over a mile south of that point. There is no direct evidence of the nature of the area directly across the river from Lot 1 in 1878 or whether there was a secondary channel at that time. It is clear that there was no island in the river’s mouth. Records concerning the area at other times make it probable that a significant portion of the opposite side of the 1878 channel would have been dry at low tide.
The bluff that bordered the 1878 channel was a short distance west of the western edge of Section 10. Thus, in 1878 there was only a small part of Section 9 for the surveyor to survey. He therefore divided what existed of the section into four government lots, running north and south along the bluff. Lot 1 was the northernmost, with lots 2, 3, and 4 successively south of it. For each lot the eastern, northern, and southern boundaries were fixed lines, while the western boundary was a meander line that followed the bluff. In lots 4 and 3 the bluff generally runs from south to north. Partway through lot 2 it turns to the northwest. In Lot 1 the bluff, and thus the meander line, rims from southeast to northwest. Both continue in that direction well into Section 4, which is
By the early 1880s the main channel of the river had moved south, away from Lot 1; there was also the beginning of a secondary channel farther south, near the river’s permanent southwestern bank. At the same time, a sand spit had formed near Northpoint and moved south, cutting the original Lot 1 off from the ocean. The spit was attached to the upland at Northpoint, but before it reached Lot 1 it moved away from the bluff and grew exclusively on the tidelands that formerly constituted the opposite side of the main channel of the river. As a result of these changes, the former main channel south of Lot 1 had become an isolated lagoon. Along Lot 1 at the base of the bluff was a narrow lowland that was probably covered with water, at least in wet seasons, and that divided Lot 1 from the new sand spit.
The sand spit grew over the following years, moving south towards the river’s newer channels. In doing so, it generally followed the west side of the 1878 main channel. In the vicinity of Lot 1, the spit was close to the bluff from the beginning but may also have moved east to fill in some of that area. Around the turn of the century, the Army Corps of Engineers built jetties that created a new, fixed channel of the river near the southern end of its previous wanderings. As a result of the jetties’ interference with the normal seasonal movement of sand, the spit grew rapidly to the west and also filled in most of the places between the spit and the north jetty. The spit thus became a permanent addition west of the bluff, rather than a temporary aspect of the river’s wanderings.
After this creation of new land from the spit, the lagoon along the former channel south of Lot 1 remained (and remains), while the area directly in front of Lot 1 at the base of the bluff is now relatively low-lying, densely vegetated, and has damp, marshy soil. Since the introduction of European eel grass in the 1940s, the rest of the area west of Lot 1 consists of dunes that have become stabilized and heavily vegetated. The low area at the base of the bluff still makes it possible to distinguish the new land from the original Lot 1.
Later maps generally give less detailed attention to the area in front of Lot 1. However, aerial photographs over the last 60 years clearly show the bluff, the lagoon, and the low land at the base of the bluff north of the lagoon. They, together with testimony concerning the current terrain below the bluff, show that it is still possible to discern a division line between the new sand dunes west of Lot 1 and the old land, from the base of the bluff east, that existed at the time of the 1878 survey. Testimony also shows that that area is, even now, particularly wet and marshy and, at least at times, is covered with water. The division between the bluff and the new land, thus, has existed since the river moved away from the bluff. It leads us to conclude that the new land grew from the north to the southeast, with the old channel separating it from the bluff.
We find, thus, that the land in question was created by a process that began with the creation of a sand spit on tidal lands west of Lot 1 and then continued as the spit grew by accretion so that, on its eastern side, it approached Lot 1 on the east and, on its western side, reclaimed substantial tidal and ocean lands.
Plaintiffs argument is that, because he is the upland owner, and because the land grew by accretion, he automatically became the owner of the new land. He cites the general rule that “the right to future accretions is an inherent and essential attribute of the littoral or riparian owner.” California ex rel. State Lands Comm’n v. U.S., 457 US 273, 284,102 S Ct 2432, 73 L Ed 2d 1 (1982); see also Hanson v. Thornton, 91 Or 585, 590,179 P 494 (1919). He also refers to Cal. ex rel.
The problem with plaintiffs arguments is that he treats whether the new land accreted to, or the water receded from, only Lot 1 as irrelevant. He ignores that, in the cases on which he relies, there was no dispute that the new land was directly attached to the former upland. In the Supreme Court case, the parties agreed that the land accreted to a Coast Guard reservation; the issue was who was entitled to the artificial accretions. In the Ninth Circuit case, the lake, although reduced in size, remained in existence and continued to divide the land on one side from the land on the other side. The issue was what happened to the state’s title to the lakebed, not who would own the newly dry land if the lake had receded so far that properties that were originally on opposite shores now met in the middle of the former lakebed.
In this case the foundation for plaintiffs arguments does not exist. The land in question did not arise next to Lot 1 but on tidelands on the opposite side of the former riverbed from it. To the degree that the water receded from its former channel, it did so after the new land came into existence. At the time of the 1878 survey, the land on which the new land later arose belonged to the state.
The United States Supreme Court has recognized that “[i]t is well settled that the owner in fee of the bed of a river, or other submerged land, is the owner of any bar, island or dry land which subsequently may be formed thereon.” City of St. Louis v. Rutz, 138 US 226, 247, 11 S Ct 337, 34 L Ed 941 (1891).
Thus, if new land had formed as an island it would clearly belong to the state. In this case, of course, the new land did not form as an island but as a spit that began attached to land north of Lot 1 and then moved south, separating from the former upland before it reached the area adjacent to Lot 1. The spit was never physically an island. To that extent, this case is different from cases in which an island developed on state-owned tidal lands and then moved shoreward by accretion. Instead, the new land was connected to the upland around Northpoint from the time that it began accreting and moved south from that area to separate Lot 1 from the ocean.
Plaintiff argues that denying its claim to the new land would lead to the conclusion that the new land belongs to the owner of the land around Northpoint, where the spit began and where it was attached to the upland. Plaintiff points out that adopting that approach could lead to unacceptable consequences.
Plaintiffs concerns are overstated. First, he fails to recognize that, as we have found, the new land did not accrete to Lot 1 and that he therefore lost his water access as a result of the natural processes that led to the formation of the new land.
Archer v. Southern Ry Co. in Mississippi, 114 Miss 403, 75 So 251 (1917), provides a helpful analogy to this case. In Archer, an island arose on the bed of the Mississippi River directly opposite the plaintiffs property. Because, under Mississippi law, the plaintiff owned the bed of the river to its center line, the island belonged to her. The island thereafter
Archer suggests that a fixed boundary does not become subject to riparian rules simply because new land has developed as a result of riparian processes. In this case, the owner of Northpoint has the riparian right to all accretions to its western boundary, just as the plaintiff in Archer was entitled to the island that arose on her portion of the riverbed. However, when the new land passed the extension of that owner’s fixed southern boundary, it entered another entity’s property, just as the island in Archer entered another’s property when it passed the fixed northern boundary of the plaintiffs land. In this case, as in Archer, the new land passed a boundary that did not in itself include riparian rights. The Northpoint owner,
The new land south of the northern boundary of Lot 1, thus, is beyond the extent of the Northpoint owner’s riparian rights. At the same time, it was also not an accretion to Lot 1. We conclude that it is most reasonable to treat the new land as if it were an island that arose on the tidelands across the former river channel from Lot 1. Such an island would belong to the state as the owner of the tidelands on which it arose. The new land, therefore, belongs to the state as the
Affirmed.
We base our factual findings and legal conclusions solely on the evidence at trial. Although the parties argue extensively about the trial court’s denial of plaintiffs motion for summary judgment, that denial is not reviewahle on appeal. See Payless Drug Stores v. Brown, 300 Or 243, 246-47, 708 P2d 1143 (1986) (denial of motion for summary judgment is reviewable only if motion is based on purely legal ground, such as facial constitutionality of statute). Contrary to plaintiffs suggestion, our de novo review of a case in equity does not affect the rule in Brown. A decision on a motion for summary judgment is always a question of law, whether the case is legal or equitable. A court that rules on the motion does not find facts but
Plaintiff argues that the river receded from the land in front of Lot 1, thus adding the newly dry land to Lot 1 by reliction and providing a connection between Lot 1 and the new land. So far as we can determine, the sand spit came into
Plaintiffs right to accretions on the ocean shore are properly described as littoral rather than riparian rights. See Darling v. Christensen, 166 Or 17, 34-35,109 P2d 585 (1941). However, the relevant rules are the same in both cases. We thus do not distinguish between plaintiffs rights in the area of Lot 1 that bordered the river in 1878 and the area that then bordered the ocean. Our references to plaintiffs riparian rights include his littoral rights.
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erroneously applied state law to this case, because federal law controls the right to accretions to oceanfront land when the title to the upland is derived from the federal government. See California ex rel State Lands Comm’n v. U.S., 457 US 273,102 S Ct 2432, 73 L Ed 2d 1 (1982). It is not clear to us that the trial court followed state law to the exclusion of federal law. In any case, the state and federal rules appear to be the same so far as the issues in this case are concerned. To the degree that state law is more developed than federal law on the issues involved, it is appropriate under the circumstances of this case to borrow that law as the federal rule of decision. See id., 457 US at 283.
On its admission to the Union the state became the owner of all tidelands. Shively v. Bowlby, 152 US 1,14 S Ct 548, 38 L Ed 331 (1894). Tidelands “are lands usually or ordinarily covered and uncovered every 24 hours by the action of the tides.” State Land Board v. Sause et al, 217 Or 52, 67, 342 P2d 803 (1959).
Under Illinois law, the riparian owner in City of St. Louis v. Rutz, 138 US 226, 11 S Ct 337, 34 L Ed 941 (1891), owned the riverbed to the center of the main channel. As a result, some of the other conclusions that the Supreme Court reached in that case do not apply in Oregon, where the state retains the ownership of
Plaintiff does not argue that because, under this approach, the state had no interest in the new land, and because plaintiff has obtained default judgments against all known or unknown claimants, plaintiffs claims to the new land are superior to the state’s and that he is therefore entitled to quiet his title against it.
If the new land had accreted from Lot 1 westward, it would not matter if the accretion process began elsewhere.
The cases discussed in this annotation often rely on theories that plaintiff neither raises nor discusses. We need not decide, therefore, the extent to which those theories are consistent with federal or Oregon law or what effect they would have on this case. The point is that few if any courts would permit the owner of the land near Northpoint to pursue ownership of the sand spit south of the westward extension of the southern boundary of its land.
The defendant, like the plaintiff, owned the riverbed to its center line.
To the extent that the Northpoint owner might assert its own interest in the land, the default judgment against all other persons claiming any right in the land would likely resolve that claim as against plaintiff.
This discussion does not foreclose the adoption, in another case, of some appropriate method of apportioning accretions among riparian owners.
We recognize that the result of our decision is that plaintiffs land will lose its riparian character, at least until the new land erodes back to the bluff. That result is an inherent consequence of the way in which the new land arose.