129 Tenn. 75 | Tenn. | 1913
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The plaintiff in error, B. B. Bond, was indicted at the January term, 1909, in the criminal court of Davidson county, upon an indictment containing five counts,- and he was convicted under the first count, which
The defendant pleaded “not guilty” to the indictment, but interposed as his chief defense a plea of insanity at the time of the alleged false pretenses.
The case was tried September 24, 1913, and defendant was convicted as stated and sentenced to serve a
It appears from the evidence that the defendant below has been engaged in the produce business at Nashville for a great many years and the principal part of his business has been in handling eggs. He had his banking connections with the First National Bank of Nashville for eighteen or twenty years of this time, and had an agreement with the bank by which the bank would advance money to him on drafts drawn on Eastern commission houses when there was attached to the draft a bill of lading issued by the railroad company covering a shipment of produce consigned to a particular house. It was the custom for the defendant to ship or consign a carload of eggs to an Eastern customer and receive from the railroad company a bill of lading covering the shipment, drawn to “order notify” such customer. The defendant' would thereupon draw a draft in the. name of and payable to the order of the Bond Produce Company for an amount sufficient to cover the value of the shipment, and attach to the draft the bill of lading received from the railroad company, and when this draft and bill of lading were presented to the bank the bank would advance to the defendant the amount of the draft, either by paying cash over the counter or by placing the amount of the draft to his credit subject to hisájmmediate check. These transactions would be completed, so far as his dealing with the bank was concerned, when the defendant would pre
■ These papers were approved by the bank’s officers, after proper examination, and according to the longstanding custom existing between the bank and the defendant the. amount of the draft was placed to defendant’s credit, and, within a short time, he drew the entire sum out of the bank upon his individual check.
The bill of lading was a forgery. No such amount of eggs was delivered, to the railroad company by the
This proof is made by the testimony of the assistant cashier, who says that the defendant presented the draft with bill of lading attached, indorsed as stated, and he approved it, believing the papers to be genuine. The cashier of the bank introduced the original deposit slip made out by the defendant, and identified it, together with checks drawn by defendant on the credits received from the deposit of the draft and the bill of lading as the original papers. The agent of the railroad company testified that the bill of lading was not signed by him, nor by anyone authorized to sign his name, and that the railroad company did not receive the consignment of eggs represented by the bill of lading.
A short time after this transaction with the bank, the defendant fled from Nashville to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and was there arrested. He had on his person, sewed up in his clothing, the sum of $6,186 in cash. Soon after the defendant was returned to Nashville from Canada he fell into a prolonged stupor, which lasted from about April 18, 1909, until about June 29, 1910, when he suffered a severe hemorrhage from the nose and kidneys, soon after which he regained consciousness. The evidence of his attending physician is in part as follows:
*82 “Every time I saw him he was lying in bed on his back, and with his eyes shut, and simply breathing. Nothing I could say or do conld make him show any manifestation of knowing I was there. I would open his eyelids and rub my finger on his ball, and he wouldn’t even wink his eye, no more than rubbing it on the table. I would jab pins into him, jab them in his thigh, breast, and arms, and he wouldn’t move any more than this chair. I can’t see how he was feigning under those circumstances.”
There is evidence of other witnesses introduced by defendant tending to show that, some months prior to the commission of the crime charged, the defendant’s whole nature changed, so that he became irritable, fractious, and abusive to his family, whereas prior to that time he was aimable and agreeable, with friends, and affectionate and indulgent with his family. The state offered proof to the contrary, indicating that, just prior to and on the day of the commission of the offense charged, the defendant was sane and of sound mind, and these witnesses give it as their opinions that he knew right from wrong, and could appreciate the quality of his act.
After the commission of the offense, and in November, 1909, an inquisition of lunacy was held concerning the defendant, and he was adjudged “a person of unsound mind, and that he has not capacity of mind sufficient for the government of himself or his property, and that he has been of unsound mind for the period since the spring of 1908.”
Upon this verdict, the court committed the defendant to the superintendent of the hospital for the insane for the middle district of Tennessee; but on account of his physical condition the execution of the order of commitment was suspended until further orders of the court. No further order in respect of the defendant’s custody seems to have been made. It appears that he remained at home under the care of his family until he was placed upon this trial in September, 1913. Oin the trial the defendant offered to introduce the lunacy proceedings and the plea of present insanity, together with the verdict and judgment of the court thereon, in support of his plea of insanity. Upon exceptions by the State, these documents were excluded, and the action of the trial judge thereon is assigned as error.
We think the exclusion of this evidence was error. The inquiry under the plea of insanity was whether the defendant had capacity and reason sufficient to enable him to distinguish between right and wrong as to the particular act he was then doing — a knowledge and consciousness that the act he was doing was wrong and criminal, and would subject him to punish
The principal to he deduced from these authorities seems to be that, after an inquisition is regularly held on which it is found that the person is insane, the finding of. the inquisition is substituted for the legal presumption of sanity for the period of time covered by the inquiry and finding. In Hughes v. Jones, supra, the admissibility of the inquisition was admitted on the briefs of counsel, and it was conceded that the inquisition and findings “are prima facie evidence of 'the lunacy and incompetency of the party to contract from the time at which the inquisition finds the lunacy to have begun,” and the court held that “contracts . . . made by this class of persons before office found, but within the period overreached by the finding of the jury, are not utterly void, although they are presumed to be so until capacity to contract is shown by satisfactory evidence. ’ ’
To the same effect is Wigmore on Evidence, vol. 1, sec. 234; vol. 2, sec. 233; vol. 3, p., 2076.
Upon the foregoing authorities, we also think that the court should have admitted the verdict of the jury and the judgment of the court upon the defendant’s plea, of present insanity. This was a judicial declaration that the defendant was insane. It is true that it established his insanity at a period of time subsequent to the date of the alleged offense; but evidence of subsequent insanity is competent for the consideration of the jury in determining the state of the defendant’s
It is also assigned as error that there is no proof! of the corporate existence of the First National Bank/ of Nashville, Tenn. It is proven without exception by defendant that the defendant has been doing a banking business with the First National Bank for a period of eighteen or twenty years; that this bank had a cashier and assistant cashier, a teller and bookkeepers, who engaged in banking transactions with the defendant in the manner heretofore stated in this opinion. It is proven that the defendant presented the draft with the bill of lading attached, and received from the persons assuming to act as officers and employees of this bank $1,200 of good and lawful money of the United States. This, we think, establishes that the First National Bank is at least a de facto corporation, and such proof is sufficient to support a conviction. The absence of exception to the testimony showing the transactions of the bank with the defendant as a bank, and the claim of the officers of that bank that they were acting in their capacity as such, distinguishes this case from the case of Trice v. State, 2 Head, 591. The case is also distinguishable from the case of Jones v. State, 5 Sneed, 347, and Owen v. State, 5 Sneed, 493. The first of those cases was an indictment and conviction for passing a counterfeit bank note purporting to have been issued by the Iron Bank, Ironton, Ohio, and the second case was an indictment and conviction of fraudulently having in pos
In this case, however, the principal ingredients of the offense are the fraudulent pretenses of defendant, by which the officers of the bank were deceived, and upon which he received money from the possession of the bank. The bank’s possession of the money would support the conviction, whether it were legally authorized to do a banking business or not. If depositors or stockholders or other persons should leave money in the custody of those unauthorized but assum
Other errors assigned were disposed of orally. For the errors indicated, the case will be reversed and remanded for- a new trial.