94 Va. 393 | Va. | 1897
delivered the opinion of the court.
John T. Bolton and C. E. Yerdier, styling themselves police commissioners, on the 18th day of August, 1891, addressed the following letter to Captain C. J. Ireaell, Chief of Police, Norfolk, va.:
“Dear Str, —The Board of Police Comimssioners are in
“You are now instructed by the Board of Police Commissioners that on and after Monday, the 20th day of August, if Mr. Vellines, or any other dismissed person, formerly on the police force of this city, should appear on the streets of this city wearing the uniform of a police officer, that you shall at once have the person arrested and taken before the police justice for proper disposition.”
Vellines, in disregard of this order, appeared upon the streets in the prohibited uniform, and was thereupon arrested in obedience to the authority conferred by the above letter, was placed in the prison van, carried to the station-house, searched, and confined until discharged upon a writ of habeas corpus by order of the Judge of the Corporation Court of the city of Norfolk. He thereupon instituted an action in the court of Law and Chancery in the city of Norfolk for false imprisonment against Bolton and Verdier. The defendants appeared and pleaded, the cause was tried before a jury, and a verdict rendered in favor of the plaintiff for $1,000, upon which the court entered judgment. The defendants moved the court to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial, which the court overruled; thereupon they-presented their petition for a writ of error to this court, which was allowed.
In the petition there are several assignments of error which will -be considered.
The fourth assignment of error is to the action of the court in overruling the demurrer to the declaration. This is an ac
Hor was there error in denying oyer of the order of the police comissioners; nor in refusing to allow the special pleas to be filed; nor in permitting the introduction of the record of the suit of the City of Norfolk v. M. J. Vellines.
It is assigned as error in the petition that the court misdirected the jury; that the damages awarded by the jury are excessive; and that the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence.
The instructions given by the court at the instance of the plaintiff are as follows:
“1. The court instructs the jury that the defendants, acting as a board of police commissioners, or a majority thereof, had no right to order the arrest of the plaintiff for publicly wearing the uniform and badge prescribed by said board for the police force.
“2. The court further instructs the jury that the defendants had no right, in their capacities as individuals, to give such order.
“3. The court further instructs the jury that if they shall believe from the evidence that the defendants, whether acting as the board of police commissioners or as individuals, did issue an order for the arrest of the plaintiff for so wearing such uniform, and that because of such order, so issued, the said
“4. The court further instructs the jury that an improper motive may be inferred from a wrongful act based upon no reasonable ground; and that such improper motive constitutes malice in law. And to constitute such malice it is not necessary that such wrongful act should be prompted by anger, malevolence, or vindictiveness; but such inference of malice may be removed by the evidence in the case.
“5. If the jury believe from the evidence that the defendants were guilty of the wrongful act or acts alleged in the declaration, they must award to the plaintiff such compensation in damages as he may prove for the loss of time, for the suffering, bodily and mental, sustained by reason of such wrongful actor acts, and for expenses incurred in procuring discharge from restraint, including a reasonable attorney’s fee. And if the jury believe from the evidence the said wrongful act or acts to have been committed by the defendants with malice, they may also award to the plaintiff punitive damages.”
The proposition which lies at the foundation of this case is contained in the first instruction. The charter of the city of Norfolk provides “that said board of commissioners (police commissioners) may prescribe such uniforms and badges, for the police force as they may deem proper, and direct in what manner they shall be armed. And if any person other than a policeman.shall publicly wear such uniforms and badges as aforesaid he may be subjected to such fine, not exceeding the sum of one hundred dollars, as the city councils may ordain.” In pursuance of the power thus conferred by the charter, the councils passed an ordinance providing “that any person other than a member of the police department who shall publicly use such badges and uniforms as the board of police commissioners have prescribed, or may prescribe, for the use of such members, or shall make use of the whistles, calls, or other modes of signalling that are used by the police department,
The act forbidden is not an offence against the Commonwealth. It is the violation of a city ordinance which the State, in the charter tvhich it conferred upon the city, authorizes it to punish by the imposition of a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, and which the city by its ordinance punishes by imposition of a fine not less than five dollars, nor more than twenty dollars. The charter is the authority to the city to pass the ordinance, and the ordinance is the execution of the power conferred by the charter. It remains always, however, a violation of the police regulations of the city, and not a crime of any degree against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth.
It is well settled that unless the power to imprison be plainly given, it does not exist; and, when given, before it can be exercised, there must be a judicial ascertainment by a competent tribunal or magistrate of the guilt of the party accused. 1 Dillon on Mun. Gorp., 4th ed., sec. 353. And where a corporation is empowered to enforce its by-laws in a special manner by fine, it is limited to the manner prescribed. 2 Dillon, sec. 336.
In Ex parte Burnett, 30 Ala. 471, it is said: ‘'Each member of the town council has power and authority as a magistrate within the corporate limits of the town to impose fines, not exceeding fifty dollars, and to imprison for not more than three days, for the violation of a municipal ordinance; but, before the power to imprison can be exercised, there must have been a judicial ascertainment of the fact that such ordinance has been violated. ’ ’
In Brieswick v. Mayor of Brunswick, 51 Ga. 639, a municipal corporation was authorized by its charter to make bylaws, and punish their infraction by fine or imprisonment. Held, that this did not authorize imprisonment for non-payment of a fine imposed by an ordinance.
In State v. Bright, 38 La. Ann. 1, it is held that a municipal corporation has no right to enforce obedience to the ordinances which it has the power to pass by fine or imprisonment, or other penalty, unless that right has been unquestionably conferred by the law-'giver. The reason given is that the punishment of a citizen for the commission or omission of an act is a prerogative which appertains to the sovereign only.
“It is settled in England, in accordance with the principles of Magna Charta, that without the express sanction of Parliament, no by-law can be enforced by disfranchisement of the offender, or by his imprisonment, or by forfeiture of his goods or property. Under incidental power to pass by-laws, a corporation may, in'England, annex pecuniary penalties of a certain, fixed, and reasonable character, but without express authority given by a statute, the only penalty it can prescribe is a pecuniary one, usually called a fine.” 1 Dillon, sec. 336.
The court did not err in granting the first instruction
The second instruction embraces a proposition, if possible, even less obnoxious to objection, viz.: “that the defendants had no right, in their capacity as individuals, to give such order.”
It is true, as decided in Jenkins v. Waldron, 11 John. 114, that “officers required by law to exercise their judgments are not answerable for mistakes in law, or mere errors in judgment, without any fraud or malice;” but, in order that officers, judicial or otherwise, may claim immunity for their acts, they must keep within the limit of the jurisdiction assigned to them by law.
“Every judicial officer, whether the grade be high or low, must take care, before acting, to inform himself whether the circumstances justify his exercise of the judicial function. A judge is not such at all times, and for all purposes. When he acts he must be clothed with jurisdiction; and, acting without this, he is but the individual falsely assuming an authority he does not possess. The officer is the judge in the cases in which the law has empowered him to act, and in respect to persons lawfully brought before him; but he is not judge when he assumes to decide cases of a class which the law withholds from his cognizance, or cases between persons who are not, either actually or constructively, before him for the purpose. Heither is he exercising the judicial function when, being empowered to enter one judgment or make one order, he enters or makes one wholly different in nature. When he does this he steps over the boundary of his judicial authority, and is as much out of the protection of the law in respect to the particular act as if he held no office at all. ’ ’ Cooley on Torts (2d ed.), p. 486.
The plaintiffs in error can find no shelter under the principle they have invoked. They were not judicial officers, and the offence complained of was not a judicial act. The fault of which the defendant in error was guilty, if indeed it be a fault, had not been committed when the order for his arrest was issued to the police force of Norfolk. Nor was there any authority of law for his arrest and imprisonment for wearing the uniform of a policeman, granting that he was guilty of a violation of the ordinance. The city had no power to punish the offence by imprisonment, but by a fine only, so that the arrest and imprisonment was without justification or excuse. There was no error in the third instruction.
The fourth instruction tells the jury that an “improper motive may be inferred from a wrongful act based upon no reasonable ground; and that such improper motive constitutes malice in law; that the act need not be prompted by anger, malevolence, or vindictiveness; but such inference of malice may be removed by the evidence. This is a correct definition of malice in an action for false imprisonment. See Forbes & Allers v. Hagman, 75 Va. 168.
The fifth instruction is as to the measure of damages, and the elements of damage to be considered by the jury. They are told that the damages awarded must be compensatory for the loss of time, for the suffering, bodily and mental, sustained by reason of such wrongful act or acts, and for expenses incurred in procuring discharge from restraint, including a reasonable attorney’s fee. The jury are then instructed that if they believe the act to have been committed by the defendants with malice, they may also award to the plaintiff punitive damages. This instruction is unobjectionable.
We are of opinion that the instructions given by the court correctly propound the law, and the instructions asued for by
The evidence shows that the defendant in error, who had been captain of the police of the city of Norfolk, whose term of office had expired, but who honestly believed that his official life was extended by law until his successor had qualified, appeared upon the streets in the uniform of an officer of police. For this he was arrested, carried through the streets in a prison van, first searched, and then kept in prison until released upon a writ of habeas corpus. For this indignity to which he was subjected by the plaintiffs in error, acting without a vestige of authority, the jury awarded him the sum of $1,000 as damages. The Court of Law and Chancery of the city of Norfolk refused to set that verdict aside. There is no precise measure of damages in such cases. It is impossible to ascertain in money the exact equivalent for bodily or mental pain. Therefore, where they are elements of damage to be estimated by a jury, the verdict will not be disturbed, unless it is so excessive as to suggest prejudice, passion, or ill-will.
The defendant in error had been the captain of the police force of the city of Norfolk. It is to be presumed that he was a man of character and consideration in that community. He was known to the court and jury before which he appeared, and, taking all these circumstances into consideration, we find ourselves unable to disturb the verdict as contrary to the law and' evidence.
The judgment of the Court of Law and Chancery of the city of Norfolk must be affirmed.
Affirmed.