This action was commenced by the appellant corporation, as assignee of two different mercantile companies, against said T. R. Ellis to collect certain accounts
In said complaint the respondent, Thomas Buhl, is connected with the transaction which is the basis of the action against him as follows: “That on or about December 11, 1912, the said T. R. Ellis sold and transferred all his said stock of goods, wares and merchandise, including fixtures, out of the usual and ordinary course of business and trade, and did thereby substantially sell and convey the entire business and trade thereof conducted by the said T. R. Ellis, said fixtures consisting of counters, scales, shelving, tables, and store fixtures in general. That the said T. R. Ellis particularly sold the said fixtures to the defendant, Thomas Buhl, for the sum of $150.” It will be seen from the complaint that Buhl did not buy or receive any of the merchandise.
The respondent Buhl, as defendant therein, interposed a general demurrer to said complaint, and after consideration of the same by the trial court it was sustained and the action dismissed. From the order dismissing said action and the judgment entered against appellant, this appeal is taken. The defendant Ellis did not appear in the court below, and the record is silent as to whether or not he was served with process.
The appellant in his brief presents an argument and cites authorities to show that the claims in this case were assignable and were properly assigned to the plaintiff, and it could therefore legally maintain an action upon them. As to the defendant Ellis, counsel for the respondent Buhl do not dispute the validity of the assignment of these claims, nor the right of appellant to maintain an action to collect the debt which they constitute, as to the defendant Ellis, but do question the manner of the proceeding in said action for the pur
The two important points presented by this appeal are, (1) whether the law under consideration imposes such restrictions on sales of goods, wares and merchandise in bulk by persons engaged in that business, as to deprive them of their property without due process of law, and also whether it is class legislation within the inhibition of the constitution on that subject; and, (2), that if the law is constitutional, whether fixtures used in connection with the mercantile business are by implication included within its purview and meaning.
This act, though passed by the legislature in 1903, has never before come before this court for interpretation, and for that reason we have examined a number of the decisions of other courts that have passed upon and construed similar laws with much interest.
It must be conceded that this law does restrict and put some burdens on the sale of the kind of property to which it relates, but it is claimed in its favor that its object is to prevent an abuse of credit extended to debtors engaged in the mercantile business and thus prevent fraudulent sales that would otherwise deprive their creditors of their honest debts.
In John P. Squire & Co. v. Tettier, 185 Mass. 18, 102 Am. St. 322, 69 N. E. 312, a case decided by the supreme court of Massachusetts, it is said:
“The statute deals only with sales in bulk of a part or the whole of a stock of merchandise, which are not made in the ordinary course of trade and in the regular and usual prosecution of the seller’s business. It does not interfere with the transaction of ordinary business, but relates to unusual and extraordinary transfers. In substance it declares that a sale of this kind shall not be made without first giving to creditors an opportunity to collect their debts, so far as the property to be sold might enable them to collect, or without subsequently making satisfactory provision for the payment of*443 these debts. A sale made in violation of the statute is void as against creditors, and, if the vendor’s debts are paid, the sale cannot be interfered with. A purchaser, to be safe, has only to see that the vendor’s creditors are provided for. The vendor may sell freely, without regard to the statute, if he pays his debts.”
The purpose of this law is quite similar to that of see. 3169, Rev. Codes, against transfers of property with intent to defraud or delay creditors; and under the statute relating to sales in bulk, the object is to prevent a retail merchant from disposing of his stock of goods without notice to his creditors with the intention of doing the same thing, and it is the intention and purpose of this law to prevent that. It is true that in doing this, it may work a hardship on honest tradesmen, but many other laws do the same thing as to honest men that the designs of the dishonest may be defeated.
Some of the early acts passed upon this subject were held unconstitutional and void by the supreme courts of the respective states in which they were passed, but the objections pointed out by the courts in those acts have been corrected in the later laws enacted on this subject and have now been held constitutional by the courts of the same states that had declared the earlier acts unconstitutional.
Block v. Schwartz, 27 Utah, 387, 101 Am. St. 971, 76 Pac. 22,1 Ann. Cas. 550, 65 L. R. A. 308, is relied on by respondent to support his contention that the law in question in the ease at bar is unconstitutional and void. In that case the statute on this subject in the state of Utah was held unconstitutional, but that statute had two objectionable provisions in it which are pointed out by Mr. Justice Barteh in his-opinion as follows: “Under the provisions of this act a sale of any portion or all of a stock of merchandise, made out of the ordinary course of trade, by any merchant who has creditors, without a detailed inventory made at least five days before the sale, showing the cost price of each article, and notice of the proposed sale, the cost price, and selling price, given at least five days before the sale to each creditor, is not only fraudulent and void, but also renders both the seller and purchaser guilty
It is generally conceded that state legislatures have the right to enact reasonable laws to prevent fraudulent sales of property and to protect creditors, and that this right falls within the general scope of police power will not be denied. But the police power must stop where it comes against the provisions of the constitution. It must be exercised for a reasonable and beneficial purpose to the general public or to a special class of business.
In the syllabus of Hirth-Krause Co. v. Cohen, 177 Ind. 1, 97 N. E. 1, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 708, which is a case decided in 1912, by the supreme court of Indiana, it is stated: “Acts 1909, c. 49, see. 1, making a sale of goods or merchandise in bulk void, unless in the ordinary course of trade, and unless an inventory be made before the sale showing the quantity of the goods, and the cost of each article, and unless the purchaser demand and receive from the seller a written list of names and addresses of the seller’s creditors, with the amount of indebtedness, and unless the purchaser before taking possession shall notify personally the creditors named in the list, or known to him, of the proposed sale, and the price and eon
In Spurr v. Travis, 145 Mich. 721, 116 Am. St. 330, 108 N. W. 1090, 9 Ann. Cas. 250, which is a leading case, the supreme court of Michigan held that the “sales in bulk” statute of that state did not violate the constitution, and in discussing that point the opinion says: “Does the act conflict with section 32 of article 6 of the constitution? It may be conceded that an act which should prohibit the sale of property of any character, either generally or for a stated time, without any adequate purpose or object, would constitute such an interference with the property and liberty of the individual as is inhibited by this section. The courts have, however, never treated this or similar provisions as prohibitive of legislation in the exercise of the police power which regulates the manner of the use or disposition of property, even though a temporary inconvenience may be suffered by the owner.” And in the ease of Musselman Grocer Co. v. Kidd etc. Co., 151 Mich. 478, 115 N. W. 409, the same court held that the act was not in conflict with any of the provisions of the Michigan constitution, or of section 1 of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution of the United States. The plaintiff in error, being dissatisfied with the decision, carried the case to the supreme court of the United States, which, in 1910, held that the Michigan law was based on a proper and reasonable classification of business and did not violate the fourteenth amendment to the federal constitution. (Kidd, Dater & Price Co. v. Musselman Grocer Co., 217 U. S. 461, 30 Sup. Ct. 606, 54 L. ed. 839.) In this holding, the court followed its previous ruling, made in the ease of Lemieux v. Young, 211 U. S. 489, 29 Sup. Ct. 174, 53 L. ed. 295, which involved the same question with reference to a similar statute of Connecticut. In delivering the opinion in Lemieux v. Young, supra, Mr. Justice "White said: ‘ ‘ The supreme court of errors, in upholding the validity of the statute, decided that the subject with which it dealt was within the police power of the state, as the statute alone sought to regulate the manner of disposing of a stock in trade outside of the regular course
We think the foregoing authorities are decisive as to the first point submitted by appellant, but will say that as the state of Washington has a law substantially like ours on this subject, and as the same question was presented to the supreme court of that state as is here presented in the case at bar, we refer to the ease of McDaniels v. J. J. Connelly Shoe Co., 30 Wash. 549, 94 Am. St. 889, 71 Pac. 37, 60 L. R. A. 947, as being directly in point in this ease. In meeting the objections there urged to the Washington law, the court said:
“The first objection to the constitutionality of the act is that it deprives persons of their property without due process of law. As we understand the argument, the contention is not that the act deprives an owner of property of his day in court, where his property rights are judicially called in question, or that it in any manner authorizes the actual physical*447 taking by one of the property of another, but it is that as the term ‘property,’ in legal signification, includes in its meaning the right of any person to possess, use, enjoy or dispose of a thing, the act violates the constitution, inasmuch as it restricts the right of an owner to dispose of his property. The act, it is true, does prohibit owners of certain kinds of property from disposing of it in a particular way, without complying with certain conditions, but it is not for that reason necessarily unconstitutional. While the legislature may not constitutionally declare that void which in its nature is, and under all circumstances must be, entirely honest and harmless, yet it may, under its police powers, place such reasonable restrictions on the right of an owner in relation to his property as it finds necessary to protect the interests of the public, or prevent frauds among individuals. If this were not so, it would be easy to find many unconstitutional acts on the statute books.....
“It is next said that the act violates that provision of the constitution which prohibits the legislature from granting to a class of citizens privileges and immunities which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens; in other words, it is class legislation. In Redford v. Spokane Street Ry. Co., 15 Wash. 419, 46 Pac. 650, we held that where a law is uniform so far as it operates, its constitutionality is not affected by the number of persons within the scope of its operation; and, applying this principle, we held in Fitch v. Applegate, 24 Wash. 25, 64 Pac. 147, that a law giving laborers in certain enumerated industries liens upon the general property of their employers was constitutional. The same principle is applicable to the case in hand.”
In deciding the quéstion as to the constitutionality of the law of this state regulating the purchase, sale and transfer of stocks of goods, wares and merchandise in bulk and prescribing penalties for the violation thereof, we hold both by weight of authority and on principle that said law is constitutional and valid, that it is not repugnant to the constitution as class legislation, and that it is a proper exercise of the police power of the state.
The Standard Dictionary defines “fixture” as, “An article of a personal or chattel nature affixed to the freehold by a tenant, and removable by him, if it can be taken away without material injury to the realty, as gas fixtures in a residence, counters, shelving, and store fixtures in a mercantile house, or machinery or apparatus in trade and manufactures.” And Bouvier's Law Dictionary defines “fixture” as, “Anything affixed or attached to a building, and used in connection with it, movable or immovable. Whenever the appendage is of such nature that it is not part or parcel of the building but may be removed without injury to the building, then it is a movable fixture and does not pass without conveyance to the freehold.” Now, we think that under these definitions it would do violence to the clear meaning and intent of this statute to read the word “fixtures” into it. Merchandise is defined by Webster as, “Objects of commerce; whatever is usually bought and sold in trade or market by merchants. ’’ We think that merchandise as used in this statute must be construed to mean such things as are usually bought and sold by merchants. Merchandise means some
In Kolander v. Dunn, 95 Minn. 422, 104 N. W. 371, 483, it was held that, “Under chap. 291, p. 357, Laws 1899, the sale of the stock of merchandise was presumed to be fraudulent and void, but that act has no application to the sale of fixtures.” In Gallus v. Elmer, 193 Mass. 106, 78 N. E. 772, 8 Ann. Cas. 1067, it is held that, “As used in the Massachusetts statute prohibiting sales in bulk except when made in the ordinary course of trade, the phrase ‘stock of merchandise’ is applicable only to the articles which the seller keeps for sale in the ordinary course of his business, and is not applicable to a storekeeper’s fixtures.”
In Lee v. Gillen & Boney, 90 Neb. 730, 134 N. W. 278, it was held that, ‘ ‘ Section 6048, Ann. St. 1909, commonly called the ‘Bulk Sales Law,’ relates only to merchandise kept for sale iin the ordinary course of trade and in the regular and usual prosecution of ’ business, and does not apply to fixtures or a manufacturer’s stock of raw materials used by himself, and not kept or offered for sale in the ordinary course of trade. ’ ’
It is suggested that to make the law apply to fixtures as well as to the goods would strengthen the retail merchant’s credit. Perhaps it would, and it might also strengthen his credit to make it include all his other personal property, or
A very peculiar feature of this case is that the complaint does not charge that the goods, wares or merchandise were sold to respondent Buhl, but in effect claims that he should pay for them because he bought the fixtures, and this theory of the case would mak.e the goods, wares and merchandise a part of the fixtures instead of the fixtures being a part of the goods. We hardly think this is permissible.
Having thus decided that the points relied on by appellant to reverse the judgment against it are not well taken, we hold, therefore, with the lower court that said complaint does not state a cause of action against respondent Buhl.' The judgment must be affirmed, with costs in favor of respondent.