Twо issues are raised as to the admissibility of the admission of defendant that he burglarized the Butenhoff apartment. One relates to the time of its admission at thе Goodchild hearing, the other to the fact of its being held admissible at trial.
Admissibility of admission at time of hearing.
The defendant seeks a bifurcation or compartmentalization of a Goodchild hearing intо two completely separated phases or stages. First would come only testimony and cross-examination as to the circumstances leading up to the making of the admission or giving of the *698 confession. Then, and then only, at least on requested motion, would come examination and crоss-examination dealing with substance or the contents of the statement given. Where, as is the case here, the trial court determines an admission or confession to be admissible, even the two-stage procedure would acquaint the judge with the substance of a statement prior to trial. Short of requiring one judge to hear the testimony on voluntariness of confession and another to determine guilt in trial to the court, such being informed in advancе of trial could not be avoided. Requiring one judge to handle pretrial hearings and another to conduct the trial would hardly contribute to reaching the desirable goal of processing criminal cases with reasonable dispatch. 1
What is more fundamentally wrong with the two-stage suggestion, whether or not an admission or confession is in fact found to be admissible or inadmissible, is that it assumes the complete separability of circumstances and сontent. In practice, this would limit the first stage to those circumstances that preceded the making of an admission. In the case before us, this would inсlude the officers coming upon the defendant, his identifying himself, their noticing the headset in the opened trunk. The defendant’s immediate volunteered response to the situation of admitting that the headset was the one taken in *699 the burglary presumably would relate to content, not circumstance. Nor wоuld the court have before it the fact that the defendant thereupon took the officers into his place of residence and showed other items taken in the burglary. It is the total situation — what was said and what was done — that here clearly establish the fact and support the finding of voluntariness. Thе trial court, at the Goodehild hearing, was entitled to have all that transpired before it as relevant on the issue of volun-tariness. We find no error in the denial of the motion to subdivide the single Goodehild hearing into a required two-stage inquiry.
Admissibility of admission into evidence at trial.
The defendant claims that the police officer failed to adequately inform him of his constitutional rights. The testimony of the police officer is that he advised the defendant:
“. . . that he had the right to remain silent; he didn’t have to make any statements to me; if he wished to make a statement to me, it could be used against him in a court of law. I also informed him that he was entitled to have an attorney; that he was entitled to hаve this attorney present during my questioning; that if he did not have the funds to hire an attorney, the courts would appoint an attorney for him without obligation. I also informed him that if he wished to make a statement and during this statement changed his mind, he had the right to terminate the questioning or his statement at that time and remain silеnt. After I informed him of these rights, I asked him if he understood and wanted any of them explained any further, and he stated no.”
The defendant contends that this admonitiоn, as given, fails to meet the mandate of Miranda to-wit: “. . . the following measures are required. He must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford аn attorney one *700 will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires. ...” 2 The defendant claims that the admonition suggests that, while one may privately retain counsel before any questioning, one is entitled only to appointed counsel after the questioning. We hold the admonition did meеt the Miranda mandate. The police officer did inform the defendant accurately and adequately as to his rights. The defendant was informed that he was еntitled to counsel, with no distinction made between retained or appointed counsel. He was advised that counsel could be present аt the questioning. He was advised of his right to remain silent and his right to counsel.
In testing the adequacy of Miranda-required warnings, this court has made clear its positiоn that substance, not form, controls. 3 As another court has put it, . . the words of Miranda do not constitute a ritualistic formula which must be repeated without variation in order to be effective. ...” 4 Under аny test, form or substance, we would hold the warning here given in full compliance with the Miranda mandate.
Evidence sufficient to sustain conviction.
The defendant on this issue argues that, because the apartment burglarized was shared by roommates, the state was required to prove the element of nonconsent to entry by both occupants. The contention is without merit. While each element of a crime must be established by the state beyond reasonable doubt, such proof may, as it is here, be suppliеd by circumstantial evidence. 5 *701 This court has repeatedly said that “. . . a finding of guilt may rest upon evidence which is entirely circumstantial, ...” 6 and specifically held that nonconsent may be reasonably inferred from such circumstantial evidence. The test on review is whether the evidence presented was sufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, 7 and the same standard applies whether the evidence relied upon is direct or circumstantial. 8
Here the state proved that articles belonging to the occupants of the burglarized apartment were found in defendаnt’s car trunk and in his room on the day of the burglary. The “. . . unexplained possession of recently stolen goods raises an inference of greater or less weight, depending upon the circumstances, that the possessor is guilty of the theft and also of burglary if they were stolen in a burglary.” 9 Here the evidence was sufficient to establish the element of nonconsent, even without the strongly corroborative evidence of the defendant’s admission that he did in fact commit the burglary with which he was charged.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
Notes
“ ‘. . . This is a common function in the work of trial judges, and the absence of a rule requiring one judge to hear the testimony on voluntariness of a confession and another to determine guilt indicates satisfaction with the present practice. To hold otherwise would work an undue and unwarranted burden on district courts, especially in a case like this, where the issue of vol-untariness does not arise until after thе trial has commenced and defendant has waived a jury trial. Our jurisprudence postulates the ability of judges to dismiss from their minds, in reaching decisions, offers of evidence excluded by rulings after hearing arguments on admissibility of that evidence.’ ”
United States v. Brooks
(7th Cir. 1965), 355 Fed. 2d 540, 542, quoted with approval in
State v. Carter
(1966),
Miranda v. Arizona
(1966),
“. . . What is required is that he be made awarе of his privilege, and possible consequences of his foregoing it. . .
Quinn v. State,
ante, pp. 101, 110,
United States v. Vanterpool (2d Cir. 1968), 394 Fed. 2d 697-699.
Bethards v. State
(1970),
Bethards v. State, supra,
at page 612;
State v. Wilson
(1968),
Jensen v. State
(1967),
State v. Kitowski, supra, at page 261.
State v. Johnson
(1960),